Research progress on copper chalcogenide compounds in photocatalysis

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65172-8

Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2026, Vol. 89: 127-141.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65172-8

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Research progress on copper chalcogenide compounds in photocatalysis

Meijun Guo^a, Elhussein M. Hashem^a, Jaenudin Ridwan^a, Tian Chen^a, Peng Zhou^b^,^*(), Jingrun Ran^a^,^*()

^aSchool of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University, Adelaide 5005, SA, Australia
^bSchool of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China

Received:2026-02-02 Accepted:2026-04-17 Online:2026-10-18 Published:2026-09-01
Contact: *E-mail: pengzhou1209@pku.edu.cn (P. Zhou),jingrun.ran@adelaide.edu.au (J. Ran).
About author:Peng Zhou (Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School) joined Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School as an Assistant Professor in 2023. His research focuses on the controlled synthesis of emerging inorganic semiconductor photocatalysts and their photochemical energy-conversion properties, including photocatalytic overall water splitting for hydrogen production, the preparation of single-atom photocatalysts, and photocatalytic synthesis of value-added organic compounds. According to Web of Science, his work has received over 15000 citations with an h-index of 56. He was awarded the Excellent Young Scientists Fund (Overseas) of National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2023 and was selected for Stanford University’s 2025 World’s Top 2% Scientists and Career-long Impact Ranking lists.
Jingrun Ran (School of Chemical Engineering, Adelaide University) is currently appointed as a senior lecturer and ARC Future Fellow in Adelaide University. He has published over 81 refereed papers in well-renowned journals, which have received over 22317 citations with an h-index of 50. In 2020-2025, he has been recognized as a Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher. Currently, he is leading a research group focused on the design and engineering of highly efficient reaction device, beginning from the atomic and molecular level, to convert real-world waste (e.g., plastic, E-waste, battery material and CO₂) into high-value resource, powered by renewable solar energy.

Abstract

Abstract:

Copper chalcogenides with rich copper vacancies in their framework have garnered increased attention in the field of photocatalysis. Engineering copper vacancies can significantly tune the optical, electronic and catalytic properties of copper chalcogenides through the introduction of defect states, orbital hybridization, and activation of surface reactants. These contribute to the wide light response from the visible to near-infrared region, enhanced charge separation, and a reduced surface catalytic barrier. In this review, copper sulfides are discussed as the primary focus, while copper selenides and copper tellurides are also included as related systems. The morphological control, chemical composition, and defect state of copper chalcogenides can be further regulated with advanced synthesis methods at the electronic and atomic scale to effectively tune the vacancies and rationally design interface assembly. The development of copper chalcogenides is broadening their applications, including solar hydrogen generation, carbon dioxide reduction, decomposition of toxic chemicals, and other light-driven reactions. However, it remains challenging to achieve atomic-level tailoring while stabilizing vacancies under operational conditions, as well as to attain long-term aqueous stability and resistance to oxidation. This review summarizes recent progress in copper chalcogenide photocatalysts and provides perspectives on the future development of defect-tolerant and full-spectrum photocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion and environmental purification.

Key words: Photocatalysis, Copper chalcogenides, Heterojunctions, Defect engineering

Meijun Guo, Elhussein M. Hashem, Jaenudin Ridwan, Tian Chen, Peng Zhou, Jingrun Ran. Research progress on copper chalcogenide compounds in photocatalysis[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 89: 127-141.

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Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1. Schematic summary of the aspects covered in this review.

Fig. 2. Schematic overview of copper chalcogenide compounds in photocatalysis.

Fig. 3. (A) TEM (a-c) and SEM (d) images of Cu2-xS nanoparticles with various morphologies. Scale bars = 200 nm. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2011, Royal Society of Chemistry. (B) Shape-dependent LSPRs of Cu2-xS nanocrystals. (a) NIR extinction spectra (black dots) for colloidal dispersions of spherical nanocrystals and nanodisks. TEM image of spherical nanocrystals (b) and nanodisks (c). (d) Schematic of LSPR polarizations for spherical and disk-shaped nanocrystals. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [54]. Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 4. Morphological evolution and structural transformation of Cu2O-Cu2S nanostructures. (A) Schematic illustration of different possible nanocrystal morphologies formed during growth, showing the evolution from spherical particles to faceted polyhedral structures with increasing structural complexity. (B) TEM image of various core-shell structures at different transformation stages. (C) Proposed schematic mechanism for the formation of Cu2S shells on Cu2O-PVP nanocrystals. The process involves the initial formation of a Cu2S layer on the Cu2O surface followed by gradual shell growth and structural reconstruction, ultimately leading to multi-shell or hollow architectures through sequential diffusion and interfacial conversion. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2012, John Wiley and Sons.

Table 1 Representative copper chalcogenide phases discussed in this review, with comparison of their structural characteristics, vacancy features, key properties, and typical photocatalytic applications.

Phase category	Structural/compositional characteristics	Dominant vacancy features	Representative photocatalytic applications	Ref.
Binary copper sulfides (Cu_2-_xS)	non-stoichiometric, phase-rich, Cu-deficient structures common	intrinsic Cu vacancies dominate	H₂ evolution, pollutant degradation, organic oxidation	[67-69]
Binary copper selenides (Cu_2-_xSe)	Cu-deficient, electronically delocalized Se-based lattice	tunable Cu vacancies with strong electronic impact	H₂ evolution, pollutant removal, photothermal-assisted catalysis	[70-72]
Ternary copper chalcogenides (e.g., CuInS₂, CuGaS₂)	more ordered cation framework	Cu vacancies plus antisite defects	H₂ production, CO₂ reduction, pollutant removal	[73-75]
Alloyed/multinary systems	compositionally tunable lattice	coupled composition-vacancy regulation	biomass conversion, selective redox reactions	[76]
Heterostructured systems	vacancy-containing copper chalcogenides integrated with secondary semiconductors	interfacial defect redistribution	H₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, environmental remediation	[77-78]

Fig. 5. Structural characterization of copper chalcogenide nanorods with tunable sizes. (A) TEM images of the nanorods synthesized under different reaction conditions: (a-d) representative TEM micrographs showing the morphology and size evolution of the nanorods. The corresponding size distribution histograms are shown below each image, indicating gradual changes in particle length and diameter. (B) HRTEM images and corresponding FFT analyses of representative nanorods. (a-c) HRTEM images highlighting the well-resolved lattice fringes in selected regions (red boxes). (d-f) Corresponding FFT patterns revealing the crystalline nature and indexed diffraction spots of the nanorods, confirming their well-defined crystal structure. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.

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[2]	Yaowen Wei, Jianwei Wang, Hao Guo, Tao Ban, Yufeng Yue, Di Hu, Haibao Huang. Highly selective oxidation of methane to acetic acid enabled by deficient UiO-66 under mild conditions [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 356-368.
[3]	Shufang Liu, Fengyu Chen, Siyuan Li, Yu-Xin Ye, Gangfeng Ouyang. Recent advances in oxygen-centered organic radicals: Characterization, synthesis, and applications [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 183-206.
[4]	Xiangfeng Chen, Siyu Huang, Yuhang Yang, Jiahao Ni, Cheng Fang, Yang-Fan Xu, Dai-Bin Kuang. Hybrid photocatalysis with halide perovskite materials [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 88(9): 9-34.
[5]	Hua Gao, Yong Zhu, Zhibing Wen, Ran Zhao, Zhi Chen, Siyao Wang, Shuanglin He, Kuang Peng, Yiwen Tang, Licheng Sun, Fei Li. Efficient and selective photocatalytic CO₂ conversion enabled by FePc nanosheets in a dye-sensitized system [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86(7): 350-362.
[6]	Yatai Zhou, Chengcheng Yuan, Wei Xia, Jun Wang, Xiaofeng Zhu, Yong Zhang, Bicheng Zhu, Jiaguo Yu. Synergistic optimization of interfacial electron transfer and surface hydrogen adsorption in a CdS/ZnO S-scheme heterojunction by site-specific doping: A DFT study [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86(7): 327-337.
[7]	Jintao Dong, Rui Zhang, Zhishuai Wang, Shengqun Cao, Lina Li, Gaopeng Liu, Bin Wang, Yixuan Gao, Jiexiang Xia. Construction of S-scheme MnO₂/BiOCl heterojunction boosting photocatalytic low-concentration peroxymonosulfate activation for contaminants removal [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 310-321.
[8]	Jia Ruan, Wenjing Chen, Ziqian Li, Peng Hu, Cheng-Yong Su. Intermolecular asymmetric dearomative photocycloaddition of (benzo)furans with excited alkenes via cage-confined catalysis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 346-355.
[9]	Jing-Yu Li, Yi-Jun Xu. Regioselective ring-opening of epoxides triggered by light [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 34-46.
[10]	Wei Zhong, Yiyao Gan, Jingtao Wang, Peiyi Yang, Aiyun Meng, Yaorong Su. Achieving near-equilibrium H_ad adsorption/desorption by introducing asymmetric S-Re-Se modules in a-ReS_xSe_2-_x cocatalysts for enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 85(6): 322-332.
[11]	Baolong Zhang, Bin Sun, Xingpeng Liu, Wenyu Liu, Shaonan Gu, Guowei Zhou. Defect-engineered S-scheme charge transfer in TiO₂/Zn_0.5Cd_0.5S heterojunction for high-efficiency photocatalytic hydrogen evolution [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 117-129.
[12]	Jingyao Wu, Yujing Lv, Qiang Zhao, Shuo Wang, Ying Wang, Na Wen, Zhengxin Ding, Zizhong Zhang, Jinlin Long. Electron-proton duet in covalent organic frameworks for efficient direct oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 288-300.
[13]	Yi-Wen Han, Run-Yu Liu, Yu-Xin Zhang, Lei Ye, Phuc T. T. Nguyen, Tian-Jun Gong, Xue-Bin Lu, Yao Fu, Ning Yan. Establishing built-in electric field within single-atom-anchored hollow architectures for efficient solar-thermal regulation in plastic photoreforming [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 301-313.
[14]	Ran Sun, Yuqi Zhang, Kunge Hou, Yujie Tan, Xingang Liu, Jianyuan Hou, Weixuan Zhao, Andrew E. H. Wheatley, Renxi Zhang. Designing hydrogen-bonds in covalent organic frameworks: accelerating proton-coupled electron transfer for enhanced photocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 84(5): 274-287.
[15]	R. Kavitha, C. Manjunatha, S. Girish Kumar. ZnO-based S-scheme heterojunction: Design principles, preparation methods and photocatalytic activity [J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 83(4): 54-95.