M/C3N4/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)催化乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应: 双功能催化剂性能如何?

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63913-X

催化学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (3): 820-831.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63913-X

M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)催化乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应: 双功能催化剂性能如何?

于晴^a^,^†, 王诗怡^a^,^†, 王梦茹^a, 牟效玲^a^,^$(), 林荣和^a^,^#(), 丁云杰^a^,^b^,^c^,^*()

^a浙江师范大学杭州高等研究院, 浙江杭州 311231
^b中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 大连洁净能源国家实验室, 辽宁大连 116023
^c中国科学院大连化学物理研究所, 催化基础国家重点实验室, 辽宁大连 116023

收稿日期:2021-05-10 修回日期:2021-05-10 出版日期:2022-03-18 发布日期:2022-02-18
通讯作者: 牟效玲,林荣和,丁云杰
作者简介:第一联系人：
^†共同第一作者
基金资助:
浙江师范大学科研启动经费(KYJ51020910);浙江师范大学科研启动经费(YS304320036)

M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)-catalyzed acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride: How effective are the bifunctionalities?

Qing Yu^a^,^†, Shiyi Wang^a^,^†, Mengru Wang^a, Xiaoling Mou^a^,^$(), Ronghe Lin^a^,^#(), Yunjie Ding^a^,^b^,^c^,^*()

^aHangzhou Institute of Advanced studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, China
^bDalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China
^cThe State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, Liaoning, China

Received:2021-05-10 Revised:2021-05-10 Online:2022-03-18 Published:2022-02-18
Contact: Xiaoling Mou, Ronghe Lin, Yunjie Ding
About author:First author contact:
^† Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
Zhejiang Normal University(KYJ51020910);Zhejiang Normal University(YS304320036)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

聚氯乙烯是世界上产量最大的通用塑料, 在日常生活的诸多领域具有广泛应用. 按照原料来源划分, 聚氯乙烯的工业生产方法主要有基于煤炭的电石法和基于石油的“平衡法”. 我国有丰富的煤炭资源, 因此, 电石乙炔法是合成聚氯乙烯的主要途径. 该方法采用乙炔与氯化氢在活性炭担载氯化汞催化剂上进行氢氯化反应得到聚氯乙烯的单体氯乙烯. 然而, 由于汞催化剂的挥发性以及毒性, 开发汞替代催化剂迫在眉睫. 乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应是将煤炭与石油资源共同利用来制备聚氯乙烯的一条极具吸引力的途径. 相对于研究相对成熟的氢氯化反应, 目前耦合反应的研究较少, 所开发的催化剂活性与氢氯化体系相比仍有数量级的差距, 反应机制仍存在较大争议. 争议的焦点在于: 二氯乙烷是通过先裂解产生氯化氢, 后者再与乙炔发生氢氯化反应, 还是二氯乙烷活化后直接与乙炔进行耦合反应.
本文报道了一种通过结合预氧化-热裂解的新方法用于制备高活性、高稳定性氮化碳基催化剂, 并且将其应用到二氯乙烷裂解反应中, 获得较好的活性. 表征结果表明, 通过改变预氧化温度能够调控不同氮物种缺陷的分布, 并发现较高的吡啶氮含量更有利于提高催化剂催化催化裂解反应的活性. 进一步添加金属组分(金、铂和钌)修饰上述氮化碳催化剂构建了一系列M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)双金属催化剂. 结合多种表征技术、稳态反应性能测试以及动力学研究发现, 金属组分主要以氯化物的形式单原子分散在载体上, 且金属的存在造成两种反应物分子在金属位点上的竞争吸附, 因此催化剂在强化氢氯化反应的同时, 也减弱了脱氯化氢反应性能, 其催化耦合反应总体性能呈现如下趋势: Au/C₃N₄/AC > Pt/C₃N₄/AC > Ru/C₃N₄/AC. 基于上述结论, 通过装填C₃N₄/AC和单原子催化剂Au/C₃N₄/AC的串联反应器, 实现了耦合反应的过程强化. 综上可见, 二氯乙烷脱氯化氢反应是乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应的必要步骤, 未来催化剂的设计需要考虑到乙炔与二氯乙烷的活化需要不同的活性位点.

关键词: 乙炔氢氯化, 双功能催化剂, 加氢脱氯, 二氯乙烷, 氯乙烯

Abstract:

Acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride, which uses both coal and oil resources, is attractive for sustainable PVC manufacturing. Herein, highly active and stable carbon nitride-based catalysts were developed by a novel pre-oxidation-pyrolysis process, affording unprecedented dehydrochlorination activity with good durability. The best-performing system was further modified with different precious metals (Au, Pt, and Ru) to promote the hydrochlorination chemistry between the in-situ formed hydrogen chloride and acetylene co-feed. The presence of metal centers intensifies the hydrochlorination activity but weakens the dehydrochlorination ability due to competitive adsorption between the two reactants at the metal sites. Superior coupling performance was achieved over C₃N₄/AC and single-atom Au/C₃N₄/AC catalysts in cascade reactors. Our results strongly suggest that dehydrochlorination is an essential step in the coupling reaction, and the activation of acetylene and ethylene dichloride molecules requires different active sites that should be engineered in future work.

Key words: Acetylene hydrochlorination, Bi-functional catalyst, Dehydrochlorination, Ethylene dichloride, Vinyl chloride

于晴, 王诗怡, 王梦茹, 牟效玲, 林荣和, 丁云杰. M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)催化乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应: 双功能催化剂性能如何?[J]. 催化学报, 2022, 43(3): 820-831.

Qing Yu, Shiyi Wang, Mengru Wang, Xiaoling Mou, Ronghe Lin, Yunjie Ding. M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)-catalyzed acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride: How effective are the bifunctionalities?[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2022, 43(3): 820-831.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(21)63913-X

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2022/V43/I3/820

图/表 6

Fig. 1. Characterizations of the bulk and supported carbon nitride catalysts. (a) XRD; (b) TEM; (c) N 1s XPS. (d) The distribution of different functionalities: (1) C=N-C; (2) N-(C)3 or H-N-(C)2; (3) quaternary N; and (4) π-excitations.

Table 1 Characterization data of the selected catalysts.

Sample ^a	V_total^b/(cm³ g^‒1)	V_micro^c/(cm³ g^‒1)	A_meso^c/(m² g^‒1)	A_BET^d/(m² g^‒1)	M ^e/(wt%)	C ^f/(at%)	N ^f/(at%)	O ^f/(at%)
C₃N₄	0.02	0.00	5	6	—	42.1	55.9	2.0
AC	0.52	0.22	467	979	—	—	—	—
C₃N₄-D/AC	0.33	0.15	285	634	—	88.2	8.1	3.7
C₃N₄-D/AC-523	0.33	0.14	296	621	—	87.7	8.0	4.3
C₃N₄-D/AC-573	0.38	0.15	334	689	—	86.5	8.7	4.8
C₃N₄-D/AC-623	0.43	0.17	385	786	—	88.3	8.0	3.7
C₃N₄-U/AC	0.54	0.21	477	979	—	94.2	2.3	3.5
C₃N₄-U/AC-523	0.46	0.21	402	889	—	—	—	—
C₃N₄-U/AC-573	0.98	0.21	407	894	—	94.0	3.1	2.9
C₃N₄-U/AC-623	0.98	0.22	439	939	—	—	—	—
C₃N₄-D/AC-623-100h ^g	0.17	0.01	202	225	—	—	—	—
C₃N₄-U/AC-573-100h ^g	0.43	0.15	412	754	—	—	—	—
Au/AC	0.52	0.23	425	968	1.01	—	—	—
Au/C₃N₄	0.10	0.00	26	26	1.00	—	—	—
Au/C₃N₄-U/AC-573	0.49	0.21	422	905	0.99	90.5	2.8	5.7
Pt/C₃N₄-U/AC-573	0.48	0.19	427	893	1.02	—	—	—
Ru/C₃N₄-U/AC-573	0.44	0.22	336	858	1.01	—	—	—
BaCl₂/AC	0.44	0.19	339	788	10.63	—	—	—
Au/C₃N₄-U/AC-573-50h ^h	0.34	0.13	314	628	—	—	—	—

Fig. 2. Characterization of the fresh Au/C3N4-U/AC-573 catalyst. (a) HAADF-STEM images at different magnifications, XPS spectra of Au 4f (b) and Cl 2p (c); (d) Normalized XANES spectra; (e) FT-EXAFS of Au L3 edge of the Au/C3N4-U/AC-573 catalyst and the reference samples.

Fig. 3. (a) Catalytic performance of different catalysts in the dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride; (b) Effect of pre-oxidation treatment on the catalytic performance of supported carbon nitride catalysts with different precursors; (c) Comparison of the performance of the developed catalysts with those of previously reported results; (d) Time-on-stream performance of the best-performing catalysts in this work. Reaction conditions: (a,b) GHSVEDC = 144 h-1, FT = 100 cm3 min-1, Tbed = 573 K, PEDC = 2.4%, Wcat. = 0.5 g; (c,d) PEDC = 4.8 %, FT = 50 cm3 min-1, Tbed = 573 K, Wcat .= 1 g (100 TOS) or 0.25 g (50 h TOS). Reference catalysts: DAR-3-700 [12], C4444P+Cl- [16], N-AC [17], TPPC/AC [18], g-C3N4/AC [19], N-AC [21], and 30Pyrrole/AC [22].

Fig. 4. Characterizations of the fresh catalysts and those after 100 h on-stream tests in the dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride. (a) N2 sorption; (b) TG (top) and DTG (bottom) analysis.

Fig. 5. (a) Comparison of the performance of different catalysts in single-bed reactor for dehydrochlorination of ethylene dichloride, reaction conditions: GHSVEDC = 144 h-1, FT = 50 cm3 min-1, Tbed = 573 K, PEDC = 4.8 %, Wcat = 0.5 g, and acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride, reaction conditions: GHSVEDC = 144 h-1, nEDC/nC2H2 = 1.2, Tbed = 573 K, Wcat = 0.5 g; performance of bifunctional catalysts in dual-bed reactor for acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride (b) accompanied with time-on-stream performance of the best-developed dual-bed system (e). Reaction conditions: GHSVEDC = 72 h-1, nEDC/nC2H2 = 1.2, Tbed = 573 K, Cat.-T: C3N4-U/AC-573, Wcat. = 0.5 g, Cat.-B: M/C3N4-U/AC-573, Wcat. = 0.5 g. Au/C3N4-U/AC-573* was packed at the top. Schematic illustrations of the reaction pathways over the single- (c) and dual-bed (d) systems. The formation of HCl was facilitated (solid purple arrow) on the dual-bed system while it was inhibited (dashed purple arrow) in the single-bed reactor.

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M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)催化乙炔与二氯乙烷耦合反应: 双功能催化剂性能如何?

M/C₃N₄/AC (M = Au, Pt, Ru)-catalyzed acetylene coupling with ethylene dichloride: How effective are the bifunctionalities?

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