PtCu纳米枝晶催化剂及其增强质子交换膜燃料电池稳定性研究

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64712-7

催化学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 73: 322-333.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64712-7

PtCu纳米枝晶催化剂及其增强质子交换膜燃料电池稳定性研究

李晨浩^a^,^b^,^c, 王昊^c^,^e(), 王卫卫^c, 白烁^c, 公忠彬^e, 桑勤勤^e, 张雨晴^c, 霍锋^c^,^e, 刘艳荣^c^,^d^,^e()

^a中国科学技术大学稀土学院, 安徽合肥 230026
^b中国科学院赣江创新研究院, 江西赣州 341119
^c中国科学院过程工程研究所绿色过程与工程重点实验室, 介科学与工程全国重点实验室, 固态电池及储能过程北京市重点实验室, 北京 100190
^d中国科学院大学化学工程学院, 北京 100049
^e河南大学能源科学与技术学院, 龙子湖新能源实验室, 河南郑州 450000

收稿日期:2025-02-05 接受日期:2025-04-02 出版日期:2025-06-18 发布日期:2025-06-12
通讯作者: *电子信箱: haowang@ipe.ac.cn (王昊),yrliu@ipe.ac.cn (刘艳荣).
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0108200);国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3807501);国家自然科学基金(22308356);国家自然科学基金(22278402);河南省重点研发计划(231111241800);河南省自然科学基金(252300421193);中国科学院稳定支持基础研究领域青年团队计划(YSBR-050);河南省中科科技成果转移转化中心开放课题(2024147);内蒙古自治区“揭榜挂帅”重大示范工程(2024JBGS0001);中国科学院过程工程研究所前沿基础研究项目(QYJC-2023-03)

PtCu nano-dendrites with enhanced stability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Chenhao Li^a^,^b^,^c, Hao Wang^c^,^e(), Weiwei Wang^c, Shuo Bai^c, Zhongbin Gong^e, Qinqin Sang^e, Yuqing Zhang^c, Feng Huo^c^,^e, Yanrong Liu^c^,^d^,^e()

^aSchool of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
^bGanjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, Jiangxi, China
^cCAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Solid State Battery and Energy Storage Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
^dSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^eLongzihu New Energy Laboratory, School of Energy Science and Technology, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China

Received:2025-02-05 Accepted:2025-04-02 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-06-12
Contact: *E-mail: haowang@ipe.ac.cn (H. Wang),yrliu@ipe.ac.cn (Y. Liu).
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program(2023YFE0108200);National Key R&D Program(2022YFB3807501);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22308356);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22278402);Key R&D Program of Henan Province(231111241800);Natural Science Foundation of Henan(252300421193);CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-050);Zhongke Technology Achievement Transfer and Transformation Center of Henan Province(2024147);Inner Mongolia “Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates” Project(2024JBGS0001);Frontier Basic Research Projects of Institute of Process Engineering, CAS(QYJC-2023-03)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)作为一种高效、环保的能源转换装置, 在未来的可持续能源系统中具有重要应用前景. 然而, PEMFCs的长期运行受到阴极氧还原反应(ORR)动力学缓慢和催化剂稳定性不足的限制, 尤其是商用Pt/C催化剂在酸性环境中易发生Pt溶解和颗粒团聚, 导致性能严重衰减. 因此, 开发具有高活性和稳定性的Pt基合金催化剂成为PEMFCs技术发展的关键. 近年来, 通过调控催化剂的形貌和组成, 尤其是引入稳定金属(如Cu)以优化表面应变和电子结构, 已成为提升催化剂性能的有效策略.

基于此, 本文通过一步溶剂热法合成了一系列具有纳米枝晶结构的PtCu合金催化剂(PtCuNDs), 并系统研究了其在PEMFCs中的电催化性能. PtCuNDs催化剂具有亚纳米级的颗粒尺寸和丰富的纳米孔结构, 显著提升了质量传输效率. 通过调节Pt与Cu的比例, 优化了催化剂的d带中心位置, 进而调控氧中间体的吸附能, 最终获得最优的Pt₇₇Cu₂₃ND催化剂. 旋转圆盘电极(RDE)结果表明, Pt₇₇Cu₂₃ND在ORR过程中表现出较好的催化活性, 质量活性(MA)达到0.837 A mg_Pt^-1, 是商用Pt/C催化剂的7.5倍. 在加速耐久性测试(ADT)中, Pt₇₇Cu₂₃ND的MA仅衰减8.2%, 半波电位(E_1/2)仅下降2 mV, 表现出较好的稳定性. PEM单电池测试进一步验证了Pt₇₇Cu₂₃ND的优异性能, 其在0.9 V下的MA为0.65 A mg_Pt^-1, 远超美国能源部2025年的目标(0.44 A mg_Pt^-1). 经过30000次ADT后, Pt₇₇Cu₂₃ND的MA衰减仅为18.5%, 且在0.8 A cm^-2电流密度下电压衰减仅为9 mV, 显著优于大多数已报道的先进催化剂. 透射电镜结果表明, PtCuNDs催化剂在ADT后仍保持了完整的纳米枝晶结构和均匀的Pt-Cu分布. 进一步结合空位能计算和金属溶出实验，共同证实了其优异稳定性源于稳定的纳米枝晶结构及Pt-Cu键的强相互作用. X射线衍射分析进一步表明, PtCuNDs具有显著的晶格收缩效应, 尤其是Pt(111)晶面的晶格间距明显小于纯Pt纳米枝晶, 这证实了Cu的引入有效诱导了表面压缩应变. 结合密度泛函理论计算, 揭示了PtCuNDs的催化机制: Cu的引入不仅诱导了表面压缩应变, 还优化了氧物种的吸附能, 从而显著提升了ORR活性.

综上所述, 本研究通过设计具有纳米枝晶结构的PtCu合金催化剂, 结合表面氧结合能优化与Pt-Cu键的强相互作用, 协同提升了PEMFCs的催化活性和稳定性. 该工作为设计和合成高稳定性燃料电池催化剂提供了结构设计与电子调控协同优化的新策略.

关键词: Pt-Cu纳米枝晶, 氧还原反应, 稳定性增强, 质子交换膜燃料电池, 可持续能源系统

Abstract:

The rigorous operating condition of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) poses a substantial hurdle for the long-term stability of Pt-based alloy catalysts; thus, the development of Pt-alloy catalysts with unique morphologies is crucial for enhancing the stability of PEMFCs. In this study, we synthesized a novel PtCu nano-dendrite (PtCuND) catalyst through a facile, one-step solvothermal process. The sub-nanometer particles and nanopores within this catalyst facilitate enhanced mass transport. In PEM single-cell tests, the PtCuND catalyst displays high activity and robust stability, achieving a mass activity of 0.65 A mg_Pt^-1. Notably, after accelerated durability tests, the mass activity and the voltage at 0.8 A cm^-2 of PtCuND exhibits only minimal decreases of 18.5% and 9 mV, respectively. The combined experimental results and theoretical calculations conclusively illustrate the optimized adsorption of oxygen species and the impact of compressive strain on the catalyst surface. The enhanced durability can be attributed to the maintained nano-dendritic morphology and the strengthened interaction within the Pt-Cu bonds. This work not only enhances the stability of PEMFCs but also provides a robust foundation for the future scaling up of catalyst production, paving the way for widespread application in sustainable energy systems.

Key words: PtCu nano-dendrites, Oxygen reduction reaction, Enhanced stability, Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell, Sustainable energy system

李晨浩, 王昊, 王卫卫, 白烁, 公忠彬, 桑勤勤, 张雨晴, 霍锋, 刘艳荣. PtCu纳米枝晶催化剂及其增强质子交换膜燃料电池稳定性研究[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 73: 322-333.

Chenhao Li, Hao Wang, Weiwei Wang, Shuo Bai, Zhongbin Gong, Qinqin Sang, Yuqing Zhang, Feng Huo, Yanrong Liu. PtCu nano-dendrites with enhanced stability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2025, 73: 322-333.

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Fig. 1. (a) Depiction of the synthesis route for PtCu nano-dendrites. TEM images (b), HAADF-STEM images (c), SAED images (d), atomic-level HAADF-STEM images (e), elemental mappings (f), and line-profile (g) of Pt77Cu23ND.

Fig. 2. XRD patterns (a), enlarged view of the Pt (111) crystal plane (b), Pt 4f XPS spectra (c) of the PtCuNDs. XANES and EXAFS at the Pt L3-edge (d,e) and the Cu K-edge (f,g), and wavelet transform analysis at the Pt L3-edge (h) of the samples.

Fig. 3. The ORR performance. CV curves (a), LSV curves (b), Tafel slopes (c), MA (d), and SA (e) of PtCuNDs and Pt/C. (f) Electron transfer numbers (n) and H2O2 yield (H2O2%) of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C. (g-i) LSV curves and MA changes of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C before and after ADT.

Fig. 4. Stability mechanism analysis. TEM image and corresponding particle size distribution (inset) (a), HAADF-STEM image (b), elemental mappings (c) of Pt77Cu23ND after ADT. TEM images and corresponding particle size distributions (inset) of Pt/C before (d) and after (e) ADT. (f) Structural evolution scheme of Pt/C during ADT. (g) Pt retention after ADT. (h) XPS analysis before and after ADT. (i) Calculated vacancy formation energy of surface Pt and Cu atoms (grey and yellow spheres represent Pt and Cu, respectively).

Fig. 5. Catalytic mechanism analysis. (a) Models of PtCuNDs and pure Pt (side view). (b) PDOS of pure Pt and PtCuNDs. (c) Relationships between the MA and oxygen adsorption energies of PtCuNDs and Pt. (d) ORR reaction pathways for Pt77Cu23ND. (e) Gibbs free energy diagram of the ORR on Pt (111) and Pt77Cu23ND (111) at 1.23 V. (f,g) Charge density difference calculations of the adsorption of OH* on Pt (111) and Pt77Cu23ND (111) (grey, yellow, red and white spheres represent Pt, Cu, O and H, respectively).

Fig. 6. PEM single-cell performance. (a) H2-O2 fuel cell polarization curves at low current densities of Pt77Cu23ND, Pt/C, and PtND. (b) H2-air fuel cell polarization curves and power density curves of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C. (c) H2-O2 fuel cell polarization curves of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C before (BOL) and after (EOL) ADT. (d) H2-air fuel cell polarization curves and power density curves before and after ADT of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C. (e) MA of Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C before and after ADT. (f) Voltage at 0.8 A cm-2 for Pt77Cu23ND and Pt/C before and after ADT. (g) Comparison of the voltage drop at 0.8 A cm-2 in H2-air and MA loss for recently reported catalysts after ADT.

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PtCu纳米枝晶催化剂及其增强质子交换膜燃料电池稳定性研究

PtCu nano-dendrites with enhanced stability in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

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[1]	姚瑶, 徐菊萍, 邵敏华. 多晶金表面上析氢反应与氧还原反应的竞争[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 73(6): 271-278.
[2]	李思明, 孙恩样, 魏鹏飞, 赵微, 裴随珠, 陈颖, 杨洁, 陈绘丽, 尹熙, 王旻, 李亚伟. 浸渍离子液体于多孔Fe-N-C电催化剂以改善聚合物电解质燃料电池电极动力学与质量传输[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 72(5): 277-288.
[3]	李德正, 刘会敏, 肖雪文, 赵曼淇, 贺德华, 雷一鸣. 碳扩散机制作为有效的稳定性增强策略——以镍基催化剂用于光热催化甲烷干重整为例的研究[J]. 催化学报, 2025, 70(3): 399-409.
[4]	陈瑞, 方翔, 张东方, 赫兰齐, 吴胤龙, 孙成华, 王昆, 宋树芹. 原位构筑三维有序自支撑Co-N-C一体化电极并用于高效电催化氧还原反应[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 61(6): 237-246.
[5]	廖伟, 周乾, 龙瑾, 吴臣中, 王彬, 彭琼, 曹建新, 王青梅. 碳载体空位工程助力原位合成的Pt纳米枝晶促进电催化氧气还原[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 59(4): 260-271.
[6]	杨志远, 张燕, 肖娟定, 王俊英, 王俊中. 铋牺牲法制备石墨烯负载Fe-N单原子位点增效氧还原催化和锌-空气电池性能[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 59(4): 272-281.
[7]	吴德贵, 熊孝根, 赵中栋, 宋树芹, 丁朝斌. 揭示配体拓扑结构对Fe-N_x-C单原子催化剂表面氧还原反应中间体吸附的影响[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 59(4): 214-224.
[8]	殷诗怡, 许实龙, 李子睿, 李帅, 薛锟泽, 张万群, 储胜启, 梁海伟. 硫代硫酸钠辅助合成高Pt含量燃料电池金属间电催化剂[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 66(11): 292-301.
[9]	刘梦然, 刘灿豫, 杨天芳, 胡仕祥, 李思韵, 刘仕哲, 刘洋, 陈野, 葛炳成, 高书燕. 具有蜂窝碳结构的杂原子掺杂NiX/Ni纳米复合催化剂高效电催化H₂O₂合成[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 66(11): 212-222.
[10]	赵磊, 张震, 朱昭昭, 李平波, 蒋金霞, 杨婷婷, 熊佩, 安旭光, 牛晓滨, 齐学强, 陈俊松, 吴睿. 缺陷氮掺杂碳耦合Co-N₅单原子位点用于高效锌-空气电池[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 51(8): 216-224.
[11]	贡立圆, 王颖, 刘杰, 王显, 李阳, 侯帅, 武志坚, 金钊, 刘长鹏, 邢巍, 葛君杰. 重塑位于火山曲线右支的弱吸附金属单原子位点的配位环境及电子结构[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 50(7): 352-360.
[12]	张光颖, 刘旭, 张欣欣, 梁志坚, 邢耕宇, 蔡斌, 沈迪, 王蕾, 付宏刚. P修饰提高Fe-N-C的氧反应活性用于高稳定的锌-空气电池[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 49(6): 141-151.
[13]	姜润, 乔泽龙, 许昊翔, 曹达鹏. 用于氧还原反应的Fe-N-C单原子催化剂的缺陷工程[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 48(5): 224-234.
[14]	张文静, 李静, 魏子栋. 碳基氧还原电催化剂: 机理研究和多孔结构[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 48(5): 15-31.
[15]	詹麒尼, 帅婷玉, 徐慧民, 黄陈金, 张志杰, 李高仁. 单原子催化剂的合成及其在电化学能量转换中的应用[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 47(4): 32-66.