Chinese Journal of Catalysis ›› 2027, Vol. 92: 130-144.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65194-7

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Engineering local electronic asymmetry in isostructural covalent organic frameworks to maximize charge separation for H2O2 photosynthesis

Yangpeng Zhanga,1, You Wua,1, Qianfeng Gub,1, Yue Gaoa, Chencheng Caia, Haoyu Liuc, Yuehan Zhaod, Zhonghua Lia,*(), Feng-Ming Zhange,4(), Yang Liuc,*(), Qichun Zhangb,f,*()   

  1. a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
    b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
    c School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
    d Thrust of Microelectronics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, Guangdong, China
    e Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
    f Department of Chemistry, Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF) & Hong Kong Institute of Clean Energy (HKICE), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
  • Received:2026-03-23 Accepted:2026-06-11 Online:2027-01-02 Published:2026-10-30
  • Contact: *E-mail: lizh@hit.edu.cn (Z. Li),
    liuyang@hit.edu.cn (Y. Liu),
    qiczhang@cityu.edu.hk (Q. Zhang).
  • About author:First author contact:

    1 Contributed equally to this work.

    Yangpeng Zhang: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, validation, writing - original draft & editing. You Wu: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology. Qianfeng Gu: data curation, writing original draft & editing. Yue Gao: data curation, investigation, validation. Chencheng Cai: data curation, investigation, validation. Haoyu Liu: data curation, writing original draft & editing. Yuehan Zhao: investigation; methodology, validation. Zhonghua Li: conceptualization, investigation, funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, writing - review & editing. Feng-Ming Zhang: funding acquisition, project administration, resources, supervision, writing - review & editing. Yang Liu: funding acquisition, project administration. Qichun Zhang: writing - review & editing, funding acquisition, project administration, writing review & editing. Y. Zhang, Y. Wu and Q. Gu contributed equally to this work.

  • Supported by:
    City University of Hong Kong(7020148);City University of Hong Kong(9239116);City University of Hong Kong(9240189);City University of Hong Kong(9380117);City University of Hong Kong(9678403);City University of Hong Kong(9680375);City University of Hong Kong(R-IND26401);City University of Hong Kong(R-IND26402);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51272052);National Natural Science Foundation of China(62071154);Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LH2019B006)

Abstract:

Photosynthesis of H2O2 from water and air offers a sustainable alternative to anthraquinone process. Maximizing photogenerated charge separation is pivotal for high photocatalytic efficiency in covalent organic frameworks, yet a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between global framework symmetry and local electronic asymmetry remains elusive. Herein, three isostructural β-ketoenamine- linked COFs (TAB-COF, TAM-COF, and TAT-COF) were constructed from triamine linkers with distinct N-heterocyclic cores to reveal how the synergy between global framework symmetry and local electronic asymmetry governs charge separation and H2O2 photosynthesis, while yielding frameworks with precisely modulated symmetries (D3h, C2v, and D3h) and electronic properties. TAT-COF, coupling a high-symmetry D3h framework with strongly electron-deficient triazine core, delivered a remarkable rate of 6497 μmol·g-1·h-1 for H2O2 evolution in pure water, further boosted to 69290 μmol·g-1·h-1 in benzyl alcohol, substantially outperforming most reported COF photocatalysts. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations reveal that this exceptional performance originates from the co-optimization of global symmetry, which enables ordered long-range charge transport, and strong local electronic asymmetry, which generates a powerful internal electric field for instantaneous exciton dissociation. Theoretical and in-situ spectroscopic results further associate this optimized charge- separation behavior with a dual-pathway reaction mechanism and the exceptional H2O2 production activity of TAT-COF. This work establishes a concise design principle for advanced photocatalysts: balancing global symmetry with local electronic asymmetry is critical for simultaneously promoting charge separation, dual-pathway reactivity, and high photocatalytic efficiency.

Key words: Isostructural covalent organic frameworks, Local electronic asymmetry, N-Heterocycles, Hydrogen peroxide generation, Photocatalysis