原子分散Ru-P-Ru催化剂的制备及其在多类加氢中的高效应用

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64172-X

催化学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 45: 107-119.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64172-X

原子分散Ru-P-Ru催化剂的制备及其在多类加氢中的高效应用

聂超^a^,^b^,¹, 龙向东^a^,¹, 刘琪^a^,^b, 王嘉^a, 展飞^c, 赵泽伦^a, 李炯^c, 席永杰^a^,^*(), 李福伟^a^,^b^,^*()

^a中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所, 羰基合成与选择氧化国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州730000
^b中国科学院大学, 北京100049
^c中国科学院上海高等研究院, 上海同步辐射装置, 上海201204

收稿日期:2022-07-08 接受日期:2022-09-13 出版日期:2023-02-18 发布日期:2023-01-10
通讯作者: 席永杰,李福伟
作者简介:第一联系人：
¹共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(21972151);国家自然科学基金(21802149);国家自然科学基金(21773271);中国科学院“西部之光”项目;中国科学院前沿科学重点研究计划(QYZDJSSW-SLH051)

Facile fabrication of atomically dispersed Ru-P-Ru ensembles for efficient hydrogenations beyond isolated single atoms

Chao Nie^a^,^b^,¹, Xiangdong Long^a^,¹, Qi Liu^a^,^b, Jia Wang^a, Fei Zhan^c, Zelun Zhao^a, Jiong Li^c, Yongjie Xi^a^,^*(), Fuwei Li^a^,^b^,^*()

^aState Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
^bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
^cShanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China

Received:2022-07-08 Accepted:2022-09-13 Online:2023-02-18 Published:2023-01-10
Contact: Yongjie Xi, Fuwei Li
About author:First author contact:
¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of China(21972151);Natural Science Foundation of China(21802149);Natural Science Foundation of China(21773271);Light of West China of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS);Key Research Program of Frontier Science of CAS(QYZDJSSW-SLH051)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

单原子催化剂以最大化的金属原子利用率和较好的选择性, 成为近年来催化研究领域的热点, 但在选择性加氢应用中常常由于缺电子的金属中心对底物/氢气的活化能力较弱导致其催化活性较低. 因此, 如何保持最大原子利用率和高选择性的同时, 进一步提高活性对于升级单原子催化剂具有重要意义.
本文通过浸渍-再分散策略, 制备出原子分散的Ru-P-Ru催化剂. 球差扫描透射电镜、X射线吸收精细结构谱等表征和理论计算结果表明, 其金属活性位点为P桥连的Ru-P-Ru结构. 制备了不同还原温度的对照催化剂, 结合X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和原位程序升温还原联用质谱(H₂-TPR-MS)对催化剂的形成过程进行了详细研究. XPS结果表明, 随着还原温度的升高, P掺杂介孔碳表面的高氧化态P物种被还原为具有强配位能力的C-P物种, 为金属的再分散提供了合适的配位环境, 同时, H₂-TPR-MS检测到载体表面部分P物种被还原为具有强Lewis碱性的PH₃, PH₃与金属原子通过强Lewis酸碱相互作用可促进金属的再分散形成Ru-P-Ru结构. 在邻苯二甲酸酐(PA)选择性加氢制备苯酞的反应中, 相较于Ru纳米颗粒催化剂, Ru-P-Ru表现出了更高的选择性(≥98%), 且活性(TOF)相较于P配位的Ru单原子催化剂提升了约9倍. 实验表征(IR底物吸附和H₂-D₂交换实验)和理论计算(LDOS)研究表明, Ru-P-Ru的d电子中心更接近费米能级, 促进了催化剂对底物的吸附活化, 显著降低了加氢反应的表观活化能. 此外, 借助原位红外和理论计算对反应机理进行了研究, 发现PA首先经过开环, 然后-C=O加氢生成邻羧酸苯甲醇中间体, 再分子内酯化关环得到目标产物苯酞. 此外, Ru-P-Ru催化剂在取代邻苯二甲酸酐、芳香醛、喹啉的加氢和醛的还原胺化反应中, 也均表现出较好的催化活性、选择性和稳定性. 该浸渍-再分散制备策略还可以应用于制备Fe-P-Fe和Pt-P-Pt催化剂. 综上, 本文为研制具有杂原子配位结构的原子级分散金属催化剂以及通过调变结构调控催化活性提供了新思路.

关键词: 多相催化, P掺杂介孔碳, 单原子催化剂, Ru-P-Ru结构催化剂, 选择性加氢

Abstract:

It is of great significance for upgrading single-atom catalysts (SACs) to further improve their intrinsic catalytic activities while maintaining the merits of maximum atom utilization and high selectivity. Here, we report a simple and practical strategy to construct phosphorus (P) atom bridged ruthenium (Ru) ensemble (Ru-P-Ru) in carbon skeleton, which is achieved by redispersing Ru clusters with C-P species and in-situ generated PH₃. The turnover frequency of the Ru-P-Ru catalyst is 9-fold higher than that of the RuP₄ SAC in the selective hydrodeoxygenation of o-phthalic anhydride, as well as other diverse hydrogenations of C=X bonds (X = O, C, N) with good recyclability. Experimental and computational studies reveal that the d-band centers of Ru in the Ru-P-Ru are closer to the Fermi level than that of isolated Ru SAC, significantly promoting the absorption and activation of substrates. This fabrication strategy is also applicable to other M-P-M catalysts, enriching the knowledge of atomically dispersed catalysts.

Key words: Heterogeneous catalysis, P-doped mesoporous carbon, Single-atom catalyst, Ru-P-Ru ensemble, Selective hydrogenation

聂超, 龙向东, 刘琪, 王嘉, 展飞, 赵泽伦, 李炯, 席永杰, 李福伟. 原子分散Ru-P-Ru催化剂的制备及其在多类加氢中的高效应用[J]. 催化学报, 2023, 45: 107-119.

Chao Nie, Xiangdong Long, Qi Liu, Jia Wang, Fei Zhan, Zelun Zhao, Jiong Li, Yongjie Xi, Fuwei Li. Facile fabrication of atomically dispersed Ru-P-Ru ensembles for efficient hydrogenations beyond isolated single atoms[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2023, 45: 107-119.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64172-X

https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2023/V45/I2/107

图/表 5

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process of Ru-P500-mPC. TEM (b) and HRTEM (c) images of Ru-P500-mPC. (d-f) HAADF-STEM image of Ru-P500-mPC sample at different magnification conditions. (g) Extracted line profile along the red solid line in (f), demonstrating the fully exposed single-atomic-layer Ru-P-Ru ensemble.

Fig. 2. (a) XANES spectra at the Ru k-edge of Ru-Px-mPC, Ru1-P-mPC, Ru foil and RuO2. (b) Deconvoluted P 2p XPS spectra of Ru-Px-mPC. All of the spectra were deconvoluted using four doublet peaks with an area ratio of 0.5 and a separation between peaks of 0.84 eV. (c) Fourier transform (FT) at the Ru k-edge of Ru-Px-mPC, Ru1-P-mPC, Ru foil and RuO2. (d) Wavelet transform of Ru-P500-mPC.

Fig. 3. (a) Selective hydrodeoxygenations of PA over different Ru-based catalysts. Reaction conditions: 2 mmol PA, mole ratio of substrate/Ru is 1200, 5 mL toluene, 4 MPa H2, 190 °C, 6 h, yields were determined by gas chromatography (GC) using decane as an internal standard. (b) TOFs of hydrodeoxygenation of PA, the values were measured in the kinetic region (conversion of PA was below 20%). (c) Time-course plots of PA conversions over Ru1-P-mPC (blue line) and Ru-P500-mPC (black line), and a hot filtration test over the latter (red line). For a hot filtration experiment, the reaction mixture was quickly centrifuged after 90 min of reaction, then the upper clear liquid proceeded to react for another 270 min. (d) Arrhenius plot for apparent activation energies of Ru1-P-mPC and Ru-P500-mPC.

Fig. 4. (a) In situ FTIR tests for the hydrogenation of PA over Ru-P500-mPC catalyst at various temperatures. (b) Top views of substrates (H2 and PA) on Ru4P9 and RuP4 sites, with the corresponding adsorption energies. (c) LDOS projected on the Ru atom of Ru1-P-mPC and Ru-P500-mPC with the Fermi level set to be zero.

Fig. 5. Ru-P500-mPC and Ru1-P-mPC catalyzed hydrogenations of (a) aldehydes and (b) quinolines, the yields with Ru1-P-mPC as the catalyst are listed in parentheses. Reaction conditions: 1 mmol substrate, substrate/Ru = 1200, 5 mL solvent. Yields are determined by GC using 1,4-dioxane as internal standard. (c) Ru-P500-mPC and Ru1-P-mPC catalyzed reductive amination of aldehydes. Reaction conditions: 2 mmol aldehydes, 3 mmol amine, 50 mg catalyst, 5 mL ethanol. For synthesis of (8a), 2 mmol substrate, 2 mL aqueous ammonia, 50 mg Ru-P500-mPC, 3 mL H2O, yield is determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Stability test of Ru-P500-mPC in (d) hydrogenation of PA and (e) reductive amination of 4-formylbenzoic acid. Reaction conditions for (d): 2 mmol PA, substrate/Ru = 1200, 5 mL toluene, 4 MPa H2, 150 °C, 6 h. Reaction conditions for (e): 2 mmol substrate, 2 mL aqueous ammonia, 50 mg Ru-P500-mPC, 3 mL H2O, 4 MPa H2, 70 °C, 6 h.

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原子分散Ru-P-Ru催化剂的制备及其在多类加氢中的高效应用

Facile fabrication of atomically dispersed Ru-P-Ru ensembles for efficient hydrogenations beyond isolated single atoms

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