双连接工程D-π-A体系中光合作用生成H2O2的动态质子迁移

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60159-2

催化学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 67: 71-81.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(24)60159-2

双连接工程D-π-A体系中光合作用生成H₂O₂的动态质子迁移

余治晗^a, 张岱南^a(), 艾陈斌^b, 张建军^b(), 向全军^a()

^a电子科技大学电子科学与工程学院, 电子薄膜与集成器件国家重点实验室, 四川成都 610054
^b中国地质大学材料科学与化学学院, 太阳能燃料实验室, 湖北武汉 430078

收稿日期:2024-08-24 接受日期:2024-09-24 出版日期:2024-11-30 发布日期:2024-11-30
通讯作者: 张岱南,张建军,向全军
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22272019);四川省科技项目(2024NSFSC0227);四川省科技项目(2022NSFSC1213);四川省科技项目(2023NSFSC106)

Dynamic proton migration in dual linkage-engineered D-π-A system for photosynthesis H₂O₂ generation

Zhihan Yu^a, Dainan Zhang^a(), Chenbing Ai^b, Jianjun Zhang^b(), Quanjun Xiang^a()

^aState Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, Sichuan, China
^bLaboratory of Solar Fuel, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China

Received:2024-08-24 Accepted:2024-09-24 Online:2024-11-30 Published:2024-11-30
Contact: Dainan Zhang, Jianjun Zhang, Quanjun Xiang
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272019);Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2024NSFSC0227);Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022NSFSC1213);Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2023NSFSC106)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过氧化氢(H₂O₂)通过水氧化反应(WOR)和氧还原反应(ORR)进行人工光合作用的研究备受关注. 加速电荷迁移和质子向反应位点的转移是提高光催化效率的关键因素. 然而, 动力学缓慢的水氧化半反应需要为动力学更快的氧还原提供质子源, 这严重限制了光催化反应的整体效率. 因此, 从实验方面协调光催化整体水分解仍极具挑战, 这对质子从WOR位点到ORR位点的传质效率和电子在ORR位点的聚集都有很高的要求.

本文展示了一种通过在嫁接氧化还原位点体系中使用加速质子迁移的嫁接端口, 从而提高光生电荷载流子和质子转移速率的方法. 在该方法中离子液体1,3-二甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(IL)和4-乙炔苯甲醛(ABE)分别嫁接在π共轭氮化碳上充当ORR位点和WOR位点, 用于光催化生成H₂O₂. 其中, 亚胺键作为调节WOR位点与氮化碳之间质子传递的良好接枝桥梁, 其具有较强的电负性, 易于质子化, 能够快速捕获质子. 离子液体与氮化碳的sp² N之间形成氢键, 为质子跃迁到ORR位点提供了有效的通道. 原位红外表征测试结果表明, ORR位点和接枝桥梁的协同作用促进了氧和质子的还原反应, 加快了*OOH中间体的形成. 超快飞秒光谱结果表明, 氧化还原位点可以加快光生电子-空穴对的解离. 飞秒光谱的寿命分析结果表明, IL作为电子捕获剂加大了对电子的吸引作用, 同时ABE作为空穴捕获剂进一步延长了光生电子-空穴对的重组途径. 合成的光催化剂能够偶联WOR和ORR, 促进空气和水中H₂O₂的光催化合成. 在实际空气氛围下, 光催化剂表现出较好的O₂利用率, 直接以空气为氧源生成H₂O₂, H₂O₂的合成速率与纯O₂几乎相同. 在可见光照射下, 实现了稳定且较好的光催化产H₂O₂性能, 远优于原始的g-C₃N₄光催化剂.

综上, 本文证明了在具有接枝氧化还原位点的体系中, 设计用于促进质子迁移的端口可以增强质子转移和光还原动力学. 与之前着重优化电荷分离方法相比, 本文方案强调通过调节电荷和质子转移促进光合作用产生H₂O₂的策略.

关键词: 氮化碳, 质子迁移, 氧化还原位点, 光合成过氧化氢

Abstract:

Accelerated charge migration and proton transfer to the reaction site are critical factors for improving photocatalytic efficiency. However, realizing both simultaneously is challenging because of the sluggish water (proton source) oxidation kinetics and interdependent redox reactions. Herein, we design an imide and hydrogen bond to connect carbon nitride ports of the D-π-A system with the dual-engineered linkages. The system uses an acetylene functional group and an imidazole ring as spatially separated water oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic centers for photogenerated charge separation, respectively. The imine bond is a bridge grafted to the oxidation site to act as a hydrogen proton trap, and the hydrogen bond formed between reduction site and carbon nitride is used as the channel for instantaneous proton delivery to the reduction center. In situ characterization confirms that the linking sites protonation optimizes the pathway of ORR to H₂O₂ and facilitates the *OOH intermediates generated. It is concluded that proton transport plays a critical role in optimizing photocatalytic H₂O₂ production. Our work provides a strategy to improve dynamic proton transfer mechanisms.

Key words: Graphite carbon nitride, Proton migration, Redox site, H₂O₂ photosynthesis

余治晗, 张岱南, 艾陈斌, 张建军, 向全军. 双连接工程D-π-A体系中光合作用生成H₂O₂的动态质子迁移[J]. 催化学报, 2024, 67: 71-81.

Zhihan Yu, Dainan Zhang, Chenbing Ai, Jianjun Zhang, Quanjun Xiang. Dynamic proton migration in dual linkage-engineered D-π-A system for photosynthesis H₂O₂ generation[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2024, 67: 71-81.

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https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/Y2024/V67/I12/71

图/表 8

Fig. 1. Structural characterizations. (a) The synthesis process of ABE/IL-CN. The imine bond is formed between carbon nitride (CN) and 4-acetylene benzaldehyde (ABE) by coupling an amino group with an aldehyde group. Imidazole cations are present in 1,3-dimethylimidazole tetrafluoroborate (IL), and the hydrogen atoms bonded by carbon atoms act as hydrogen donors to form hydrogen bonds with the more electronegative sp2 N atoms. FTIR spectra (b), high-resolution C 1s XPS (c), and Raman shift (d) of ABE/IL-CN, ABE-CN, IL-CN, and CN. (e) Solid-state 13C NMR spectra of ABE/IL-CN.

Fig. 2. Photocatalytic performance of H2O2 generation. (a) Comparison of photocatalytic H2O2 production rates of ABE/IL-CN, ABE-CN, IL-CN, and CN in water under O2 bubbling. (b) Photocatalytic H2O2 evolution rate of nABE/IL-CN under 1 h visible light irradiation, n indicates the ABE concentration (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mmol L−1) of ethyl acetate solution used for the synthesis of ABE graft samples, the molar ratio of ABE to IL is constant 2:1. (c) Visible light-driven photocatalytic H2O2 production by ABE/IL-CN under different conditions of air + MeOH, air, N2 + NaIO3, and N2. (d) Cycling time course of ABE/IL-CN under visible-light irradiation in O2-saturated pure water generated H2O2. (e) H2O2 decomposition curves of ABE/IL-CN, ABE-CN, IL-CN, and CN under light irradiation (C0 = 1 mmol L−1 H2O2, N2 bubbling). (f) The wavelength-dependent apparent quantum yield of ABE/IL-CN in overall water splitting for H2O2 production.

Fig. 3. In-situ structural evolution of the photocatalysts. In-situ DRIFTS spectra of ABE/IL-CN (a), ABE-CN (b), and IL-CN (c) recorded during photocatalytic H2O2 production in O2 atmosphere. (d) The key reaction sites and intermediates of WOR and ORR are obtained by in-situ DRIFTS spectra. (e) Time-resolved transient PL decay of ABE-CN, IL-CN, and ABE/IL-CN.

Table 1 The related parameter of TRPL in ABE-CN, IL-CN, and ABE/IL-CN.

Sample	τ₁/ns	A₁/%	τ₂/ns	A₂/%	τ_ave/ns
ABE-CN IL-CN ABE/IL-CN	3.14 2.58 3.10	100.89 92.33 102.08	21.13 14.79 20.31	66.34 9.47 6.54	8.71 7.10 8.19

Fig. 4. Proton transfer at the reaction sites. (a) The contents of O2 and H2 gases formed by ABE-CN and IL-CN after the addition of excess electron sacrifice agent (NaIO3) and hole sacrifice agent (TEOA), respectively. (b) Visible light-driven photocatalytic H2O2 production of ABE-CN and IL-CN under different conditions. (c) H2O2 generation rate over ABE/IL-CN and protonated ABE/IL-CN (H-ABE/IL-CN-m) in the protic solvent (ethanol), aprotic solvent (acetone) and water; m indicates the IL concentration (1.0 and 1.25 mmol L-1) of methanol solution used for the synthesis of IL graft samples, the molar number of ABE was constant (2.0 mmol L-1). (d) Mechanism of ABE/IL-CN and H-ABE/IL-CN-m for photocatalytic H2O2 formation in acetone solvent. The colors of the balls correspond to different atoms, gray: carbon; blue: nitrogen; pink: boron; cyan: fluorine; red: oxygen; white and yellow: hydrogen.

Table 2 Photocatalytic H2O2 generation performance of a series of protonation/aprotonation photocatalysts as comparison in protic/aprotic solution under air atmosphere.

Photocatalyst	Protonation	ABE:IL	Solution	H₂O₂ production (μmol L^-1 h^-1)
ABE/IL-CN H-ABE/IL-CN-1 H-ABE/IL-CN-1.25	Aprotonation Protonation Protonation	2:1 2:1 2:1.25	water aprotic solvent (acetone) protic solvent (ethanol) water aprotic solvent (acetone) protic solvent (ethanol) water aprotic solvent (acetone) protic solvent (ethanol)	219.5 0 394.2 206.9 315.4 473.0 278.5 243.1 408.3

Fig. 5. Charge carrier dynamics analysis. Two-dimensional TA spectra images of ABE/IL-CN (a), ABE-CN (b), and IL-CN (c). Femtosecond transient absorption spectra of ABE/IL-CN (d), ABE-CN (e), and IL-CN (f). Decay dynamics traces at 405 nm for ABE/IL-CN (g), ABE-CN (h), and IL-CN (i).

Fig. 6. Illustration of the proposed photocatalytic mechanism of H2O2 photosynthesis over ABE/IL-CN under UV-vis light irradiation. The colors of the balls correspond to different atoms, gray: carbon; blue: nitrogen; pink: boron; cyan: fluorine; red: oxygen; white and yellow: hydrogen.

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双连接工程D-π-A体系中光合作用生成H₂O₂的动态质子迁移

Dynamic proton migration in dual linkage-engineered D-π-A system for photosynthesis H₂O₂ generation

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