硫化镉基制氢光催化剂的最新研究进展

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65064-4

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 86: 49-76.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65064-4

硫化镉基制氢光催化剂的最新研究进展

孟爱云^a^,¹, 钟威^a^,¹, 谷苗莉^a, 吴小媛^a, 余维来^b^,^*(), 苏耀荣^a^,^*()

^a 深圳技术大学新材料与新能源学院, 广东深圳 518118, 中国
^b 多伦多大学化学工程与应用化学系, 多伦多, 加拿大

收稿日期:2025-11-19 接受日期:2025-12-18 出版日期:2026-07-05 发布日期:2026-06-12
通讯作者: ^*电子信箱: suyaorong@sztu.edu.cn (苏耀荣),
weilai.yu@utoronto.ca (余维来).
作者简介:第一联系人：¹共同第一作者.
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(22272110);国家自然科学基金(22178224);国家自然科学基金(22402126);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2023A1515110535);深圳技术大学高精尖缺人才启动项目(GDRC202535);湖北省污染物分析与资源化技术重点实验室(湖北师范大学);深圳市科技计划项目(RCBS20231211090522041);深圳市科技计划项目(20231127203830001);深圳市超金刚石与功能晶体应用技术重点实验室(ZDSYS20230626091303007)

Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst

Aiyun Meng^a^,¹, Wei Zhong^a^,¹, Miaoli Gu^a, Xiaoyuan Wu^a, Weilai Yu^b^,^*(), Yaorong Su^a^,^*()

^a College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
^b Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada

Received:2025-11-19 Accepted:2025-12-18 Online:2026-07-05 Published:2026-06-12
About author:Weilai Yu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He received his B.S. in Chemistry from Wuhan University and his PhD in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Before joining UofT, he was a Postdoctoral Scholar in Chemical Engineering at Stanford University. His LOGICS Laboratory integrates electrochemical, surface, and materials science to accelerate the development of next-generation technologies for energy conversion and storage.
Yaorong Su (Professor, College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University) received his bachelor and master degrees from Wuhan University of Technology (P. R. China) in 2004 and 2007, respectively, and Ph.D. degree from The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) in 2013. After a one-year postdoctoral research at The Chinese University of Hong Kong from 2013 to 2014, he devoted himself into industry and served as senior research engineer in Hong Kong and Shenzhen, and was recognized as Shenzhen Overseas High-Caliber Personnel (Level C) in July of 2017. Since the beginning of 2018, he joined Shenzhen Technology University. His research interests mainly focus on clean energy photocatalysis, including the design and controlled synthesis of hierarchically porous photocatalytic materials, the construction of heterojunction photocatalytic materials and the mechanisms study, as well as the modulation of the electronic structure of sulfide cocatalysts to enhance photocatalytic performance. He has coauthored more than 50 peer-reviewed papers.
First author contact:¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272110);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178224);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22402126);Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515110535);Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU(GDRC202535);Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology(Hubei Normal University);Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(RCBS20231211090522041);Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(20231127203830001);Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Applied Technologies of Super-Diamond and Functional Crystals(ZDSYS20230626091303007)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着化石能源消耗带来的环境与能源危机日益严峻, 开发清洁、可持续的制氢技术成为能源催化领域的核心研究方向. 太阳能驱动的光催化分解水制氢技术因其直接将太阳能转化为化学能而备受关注. 在众多半导体光催化剂中, 硫化镉(CdS)因其较窄的带隙(约2.4 eV)和足够负的导带位置, 成为一种极具潜力的可见光响应产氢催化剂. 然而, 其严重的光生载流子复合和显著的光腐蚀问题极大地限制了其实际应用. 现有综述尚未系统涵盖关于材料合成、先进表征手段辅助的机制分析以及新型光催化应用方面的最新突破, 尤其是CdS基光催化剂在高价值化学品合成方面的研究很少被总结.

本综述旨在及时梳理并重点介绍近年来CdS基光催化剂在制氢方面取得的最新进展, 尤其是关于优化光生载流子的利用以实现高效光催化制氢的研究. 本文首先概述了CdS基光催化剂的基本性质, 并分析了其光腐蚀问题的根源及相应的缓解策略, 例如构建保护层和原位去除氧气. 随后, 系统总结了提升光催化产氢性能的多种改性策略: 在形貌设计方面, 涵盖了零维量子点、一维纳米棒/线、二维纳米片以及三维多级纳米结构, 阐述了不同维度结构在缩短电荷迁移距离、增加活性位点暴露和增强光吸收方面的优势. 固溶体工程部分讨论了通过调节Zn、Mn等过渡金属离子比例来连续调控能带结构、平衡光吸收与氧化还原能力的策略. 助催化剂负载是提升性能的核心手段之一, 本文详细评述了贵金属/非贵金属、过渡金属硫化物、氢氧化物、磷化物、MXene以及石墨烯等各类助催化剂在促进电荷分离、提供活性位点、抑制光腐蚀等方面的作用机制与应用实例. 在异质结构建方面, 重点介绍了同质结、p-n结、S型异质结以及分级结构异质结的设计原理与电荷分离机制, 这些结构通过形成内建电场实现了光生电子和空穴的空间分离. 此外, 总结了CdS基光催化剂在不同产氢途径中的应用, 包括使用牺牲剂的传统产氢、无牺牲剂的纯水分解以及耦合高附加值化学品(如苯甲醇选择性氧化、生物质及塑料废弃物重整)的产氢过程. 这些耦合体系不仅提升了产氢效率, 还实现了废弃资源的增值转化, 展示了光催化技术的应用潜力.

综上, 本综述系统总结了CdS基光催化剂在产氢领域的最新研究进展、改性策略、机理认识以及目前存在的挑战. 未来, 该领域的研究应聚焦于开发更高效的改性策略(特别是在复杂有机转化体系中)、运用先进原位表征技术深入揭示原子/分子尺度的反应机理, 以及优化反应条件与反应器设计以实现大规模应用等. 本文的梳理旨在为构建高效、稳定且具有实际应用潜力的CdS基光催化产氢体系提供理论依据和技术借鉴.

关键词: CdS, 光催化剂, 产氢, 高价值化学品合成, 优化电荷载流子利用率

Abstract:

Photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production presents a promising pathway for sustainable energy generation. Among various semiconductors, cadmium sulfide (CdS) stands out as a leading visible-light-responsive photocatalyst due to its narrow bandgap and suitable conduction band potential. However, its severe charge carrier recombination and photo-corrosion significantly hinder practical application. While previous reviews have summarized this field, they fail to encompass the latest breakthroughs in the fields of material synthesis, mechanistic understanding aided by advanced characterizations, and innovative photocatalytic applications. Especially, their performance in the context of high-value chemical synthesis has been rarely summarized. This review is therefore timely and aims to highlight recent advances in engineering CdS-based photocatalysts to optimize charge carrier utilization and achieve highly efficient photocatalytic H₂ evolution. We begin with a brief overview of the fundamental properties of CdS-based photocatalysts. Next, we discuss key strategies for performance enhancement, including morphological design, solid solution engineering, cocatalyst integration, and heterojunction construction. We then examine advanced pathways for charge carrier utilization, focusing on both pure water splitting and systems where H₂ generation is coupled with the production of value-added chemicals. Finally, we outline the current challenges and prospects for CdS-based photocatalysts in the context of sustainable H₂ production. This review provides insights into the rational design of high-performance CdS-based photocatalysts, paving the way for more efficient utilization of photogenerated charge carriers.

Key words: CdS, Photocatalyst, H₂ production, High-value chemical synthesis, Optimize charge carrier utilization

孟爱云, 钟威, 谷苗莉, 吴小媛, 余维来, 苏耀荣. 硫化镉基制氢光催化剂的最新研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 86: 49-76.

Aiyun Meng, Wei Zhong, Miaoli Gu, Xiaoyuan Wu, Weilai Yu, Yaorong Su. Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86: 49-76.

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图/表 17

Fig. 1. Number of publications on photocatalytic H2 production and value-added chemicals synthesis with/without CdS during 2000-2025 in the web of science core collection by searching the topic using “photocata* and H2 or hydrogen or H-2”, “photocata* and H2 or hydrogen or H-2 and CdS or cadmium sulfide” (a), and “photocata* and value-added chemicals” and “photocata* and value-added chemicals and CdS” (b). The retrieval time is November 14th, 2025.

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration for (a) the synthesis of Pt-TiO2/CdS sample and (b) the photocatalytic reaction system with artificial gills. Cycling runs of the photocatalytic activity for CdS (a), TiO2/CdS (b), Pt-TiO2/CdS without artificial gill photocatalytic system (c), and Pt-TiO2/CdS (d) samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [55]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic illustration of photoredox-catalyzed coproduction of H2 and C-C coupled HB over CdS/SiO2 using a near-field scattering light-promoted optical absorption model to tune the light absorption of CdS QDs. (b) Activity of photocatalytic H2 production pairing with HB synthesis over different samples. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications.

Fig. 4. (a) Scheme for the platinum-decorated CdS NRs of the decoration procedures and phase transfer to water. The red background indicates an organic environment, while the blue background indicates an aqueous environment. TEM images of tip-decorated (b) and cluster-decorated (c) CdS NRs. (d) Hydrogen generation activity by CdS NRs under illumination in neutral aqueous solution in the presence of sulfite ions. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2016, ACS Publications.

Fig. 5. SEM image (a), AFM image and corresponding height profiles (b), STEM image (c) and structure model (d) of 1 nm Cd4S5 NSs. (e) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity during 3 h testing under visible light irradiation (> 420 nm) for the three samples. (f) AQY and IQY values of the three samples under 420 nm monochromatic light irradiation. (c) The stability of hydrogen evolution of 1 nm NSs under visible light irradiation (> 420 nm). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [96]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 6. FESEM images of different 3D nanostructured CdS-based photocatalyst. (a) CdS nanospheres. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [99]. Copyright 2020, ACS Publications. (b) N-doped graphene/CdS hollow spheres. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2019, John Wiley and Sons. (c) CdS/MoS2 nanooctahedron heterostructures. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [50]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons. (d) flower-like and (e) net-like CdS. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [101]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (f) NiS/CdS nanoflowers. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [102]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (g) CdS dendrites. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [112]. Copyright 2009, ACS Publications. (h,i) CdS frame-in-cage particles. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [109]. Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 7. UV-vis DRS spectra (a), Tauc plot (b), and photograph (c) of ZnxCd1-xS (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). (d) Photocatalytic conversion of benzyl alcohol, the yield and selectivity of the C-C coupling products, and the hydrogen produced over ZnxCd1-xS (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) under visible light irradiation for 4 h. (e) Photocatalytic conversion of benzyl alcohol and yield of the C-C coupling products over Zn0.6Cd0.4S (x = 0.6). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [125]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier.

Fig. 8. (a) Illustration of the preparation process for the CdS@Au/Ti3- xC2Ty ternary composites. (b) Energy level diagram and the photogenerated charge carrier transfer process of CdS, Au and Ti3- xC2Ty before contact, after contact, and under visible-light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [128]. Copyright 2021, ACS Publications.

Fig. 10. (a) Photocatalytic H2 production performance and mechanism illustration of Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst. TEM (b) and HAADF-STEM (c) images of VP nanosheets. TEM (d) and HAADF-STEM (e) images of CdS NPs. (f,g) HAADF-STEM images of VP/CdS photocatalyst. Filtered HAADF-STEM images of Pd single atoms on VP nanosheets (h) and CdS NPs in Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst (i). (j) EDS mappings of Pd-VP/CdS photocatalyst. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [157]. Copyright 2024, ACS Publications.

Fig. 11. (a) The top view of the structure model for a 4 × 4 × 1 O-terminated Ti3C2 supercell. (b) Comparisons of the photocatalytic H2-production activities of CT0, CT0.05, CT0.1, CT2.5, CT5, CT7.5, Ti3C2 NPs, Pt-CdS, NiS-CdS, Ni-CdS and MoS2-CdS. (c) The charge separation and transfer pathway of CdS/Ti3C2 sample under visible-light irradiation. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [207]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature.

Fig. 12. (a) Two (111)/[11-2] type coherent twin planes involved in a zinc blende FCC lattice matrix, (b) a twinned nanorod as observed from the [110] direction, (c) three-dimensional projection as seen from a high-index [-hhk] direction. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [226]. Copyright 2013, Springer Nature. (d) Photocatalytic H2 production and organic content over time in the photocatalytic conversion of lactic acid by Pd-CdSx-Twins (0.25 vol% or 3.35 mmol lactic acid). (e) Microstructure and selected area electron diffraction pattern of the Pd-CdSx-Twins nanotwins. (f) Slip dislocations during twinning boundary formation in the 111 plane. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [230]. Copyright 2024, Royal society of Chemistry.

Fig. 13. TEM images of disk-shaped Cu7S4 nanocrystals (a) and CdS/Cu7S4 heterostructured nanocrystals (HCNs) (b). (c) STEM of the heterointerface of CdS/Cu7S4 HCNs. (d) Hot-electron injection at the plasmonic p-n heterojunction upon IR light-plasmon excitation. (e) Absorption spectrum and AQY for hydrogen evolution of the CdS/Cu7S4 HNCs under the monochromic light (6 mW cm-2). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [243]. Copyright 2018, ACS Publications.

Fig. 14. (a) Synthesis route of pyrene-alt-triphenylamine conjugated polymer (PT). (b) Possible stacking mode of PT. (c) Diagram of preparation process for CdS/PT (CP) heterojunction. (e) AFM image of CP heterojunction. Surface potential distribution of CP in darkness (e) and under illumination (f). (g) line-scanning surface potential from point A to B. (h) Illustration of photo-irradiated KPFM. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [262]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 15. (a) Schematic illustration of TiO2/Ni0.08-Zn0.2Cd0.8S (TNZCSx) and TEM images of NZCS and TNZCS40. (b) Transient absorption spectra of TNZCS40 with 340 excitations. (c) Fitted transient absorption kinetics of GSB peaks at 440 nm in TNZCS40 and TZCS40 within 1000 ps. Schematic illustration of electron transfer of TZCS40 (d) and TNZCS40 (e). Reprinted with permission from Ref. [266]. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 16. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of Co9S8/CdS@PP12. HRTEM (b), H2 and O2 production rates with increasing time (c), and diagram for the photocatalytic pure water splitting mechanism (d) of Co9S8/CdS@PP12. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [286]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons.

Fig. 17. SEM (a) and TEM (b) images of MoS2/CdS. (c) Theoretical model of MoS2/CdS. (d) Schematic illustration for photoreforming of pretreated plastics over MoS2/CdS. (e) H2 evolution via photoreforming of pretreated PLA over MoS2/CdS with different amount of MoS2. (f) H2 evolution via photoreforming of pretreated PLA in 25 h. (g) Concentrations of lactate feedstocks and formate products during 5 h of photoreforming. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2022, ACS Publications.

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硫化镉基制氢光催化剂的最新研究进展

Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst

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硫化镉基制氢光催化剂的最新研究进展

Recent advances on CdS-based H2-production photocatalyst

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Recent advances on CdS-based H₂-production photocatalyst