二氧化硅限域Cu2O纳米颗粒用于分子氧丙烯环氧化

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65059-0

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 86: 77-88.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65059-0

二氧化硅限域Cu₂O纳米颗粒用于分子氧丙烯环氧化

程家威^a^,¹, 王凯^a^,¹, 孟俣翰^a, 王嘉辰^b, 刘作政^c, 王静娟^a, 刘家旭^b, 成康^a^,^*(), 张庆红^a^,^*(), 王野^a^,^*()

^a 厦门大学化学化工学院, 福建省能源材料科学与技术创新实验室, 表界面化学全国重点实验室, 福建厦门 361005
^b 大连理工大学化工学院, 大连理工大学智能材料化工前沿科学中心, 精细化工全国重点实验室, 辽宁大连 116024
^c 武汉大学化学与分子科学学院, 湖北武汉 430072

收稿日期:2025-11-17 接受日期:2026-01-20 出版日期:2026-07-05 发布日期:2026-06-12
通讯作者: ^*电子信箱: kangcheng@xmu.edu.cn (成康),
zhangqh@xmu.edu.cn (张庆红),
wangye@xmu.edu.cn (王野).
作者简介:第一联系人：¹共同第一作者.
基金资助:
科技部国家重点研发计划(2022YFA1504500);国家自然科学基金(22121001);国家自然科学基金(22222206);国家自然科学基金(U22A20392);厦门大学校长基金(20720250081)

Silica-confined Cu₂O nanoparticles for propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen

Jiawei Cheng^a^,¹, Kai Wang^a^,¹, Yuhan Meng^a, Jiachen Wang^b, Zuozheng Liu^c, Jingjuan Wang^a, Jiaxu Liu^b, Kang Cheng^a^,^*(), Qinghong Zhang^a^,^*(), Ye Wang^a^,^*()

^a State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Innovation Laboratory for Science and Technologies of Energy Material of Fujian Province (IKKEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
^b State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China
^c College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China

Received:2025-11-17 Accepted:2026-01-20 Online:2026-07-05 Published:2026-06-12
About author:First author contact:¹Contributed equally to this work.
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2022YFA1504500);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22121001);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22222206);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20392);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720250081)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环氧丙烷(PO)是生产聚醚、丙二醇和聚氨酯塑料等大宗商品的核心化工中间体. 目前的PO生产技术, 如氯醇法和共氧化法等路线存在氧化剂成本高、副产物多及环境污染严重等问题. 分子氧直接催化丙烯环氧化因其高原子经济性和环境友好性, 被视为一条极具潜力的工业化路线. 然而, 该反应不仅机理复杂, 且为了活化氧气通常需要高温条件, 这往往导致丙烯深度氧化以及活性中心的重构, 从而严重影响环氧丙烷的选择性. 因此, 在分子氧丙烯环氧化反应中, 如何设计高效稳定的催化剂, 以实现对低价铜物种(Cu⁰/Cu⁺)的有效稳定, 并提升晶格氧的结构稳定性, 最终提高催化反应的活性和稳定性是多相催化领域的研究重点之一.

针对上述难题, 本文利用一种“再分散-限域”策略, 将小尺寸、低价态的Cu纳米粒子限域在SiO₂壳层中并稳定在一系列惰性载体上. 首先利用氨水将大尺寸CuO颗再分散为纳米颗粒, 通过正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解形成SiO₂壳层, 随后引入碱金属铯(Cs)进行修饰. 通过扫描透射电镜和相关表征证实, 该方法成功将CuO纳米粒子(2.1 nm左右)均匀分布在SBA-15的介孔内, 且在Cu纳米粒子和SiO₂之间形成的Cu−O−Si配位结构促进了Cu⁺在催化剂中的比例. SiO₂壳层的物理限域作用不仅防止了Cu物种的烧结, 还通过Cu-SiO₂界面调控了独特的电子性质. 实验结果表明, 最优的Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15催化剂实现了3.9%的丙烯转化率和68%的PO选择性, 显著优于未包覆SiO₂壳层的Cs-Cu/SBA-15催化剂(转化率0.6%, 选择性42%). 与未包覆的催化剂相比, SiO₂涂层显著抑制了深度氧化, 降低了CO₂选择性. CuO_x物种与SiO₂壳层之间存在显著的空间和化学态限域效应, Cu-O-Si界面的形成使分子氧适度活化为亲电氧物种的同时也抑制了晶格氧的反应活性从而促进丙烯的选择性氧化生成环氧丙烷. 这种表面限域的Cu-O-Si界面既平衡了O₂活化能, 又维持了动态的Cu⁺ ↔ Cu²⁺氧化还原循环, 从而降低了决速步的能垒.

综上, 本文使用一种SiO₂限域策略, 通过构建Cu-O-Si界面成功实现了对Cu基催化剂活性位几何结构以及电子结构调控. 该催化剂在丙烯环氧化反应中表现出较高的活性、选择性和稳定性, 为设计高效的非均相选择性氧化催化剂提供了新的思路.

关键词: 铜催化剂, 限域, 表面工程, 丙烯环氧化, 氧化还原反应

Abstract:

The direct propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen offers an atom-economical route to propylene oxide (PO). However, the oxidative reaction conditions required at high temperatures often induce complete propylene oxidation and the reconstruction of the active centers, compromising PO selectivity. Herein, we propose a redispersion-confinement strategy to encapsulate small, low-valence Cu nanoparticles (NPs) within a silica shell, thereby achieving stable dispersion across various supports. We confirm that the formation of Cu-O-Si coordination between Cu and silica, together with cesium promotion, could stabilize the small Cu NPs and enhance the PO formation. The optimum Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15 catalyst delivers a 3.9% propylene conversion and a 68% PO selectivity, markedly surpassing the 0.6% conversion and 42% selectivity obtained over Cs-Cu/SBA-15 without the silica shell. A significant space and chemical state confinement effect is evidenced between CuO and the silica shell, which retards the reactivity of lattice oxygen and allows the moderate activation of molecular oxygen to electrophilic oxygen species; thus, promoting the selective epoxidation of propylene. This strategy offers a general approach for molecular-level control of active-site structure and electronic states in heterogeneous catalysts.

Key words: Copper catalyst, Confinement, Surface engineering, Propylene epoxidation, Oxidation-reduction reactions

程家威, 王凯, 孟俣翰, 王嘉辰, 刘作政, 王静娟, 刘家旭, 成康, 张庆红, 王野. 二氧化硅限域Cu₂O纳米颗粒用于分子氧丙烯环氧化[J]. 催化学报, 2026, 86: 77-88.

Jiawei Cheng, Kai Wang, Yuhan Meng, Jiachen Wang, Zuozheng Liu, Jingjuan Wang, Jiaxu Liu, Kang Cheng, Qinghong Zhang, Ye Wang. Silica-confined Cu₂O nanoparticles for propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 86: 77-88.

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链接本文: https://www.cjcatal.com/CN/10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65059-0

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图/表 9

Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis procedure for the Cu@Si catalyst series. (b) C3H6 epoxidation performance of Cu-based catalysts and Cu@Si catalysts on different carriers under Cs-assisted conditions. (c) The activity of Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15 varies with reaction time. (d) The comparison between the activity of typical Cu-based catalysts in the literature and the catalyst in this work. Reaction condition: Wcat = 0.1 g, C3H6/O2 = 1/39 (molar ratio), Ftotal = 60 mL·min-1, T = 250 °C, P = 1 bar, time on stream = 30 min. Detailed catalytic performance can be found in Tables S2-S4.

Fig. 2. The effect of the temperature on the epoxidation performance of Cs-Cu/SBA-15 (a) and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15 (b). The apparent activation energy of Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15 and Cs-Cu/SBA-15 based on the propylene conversion (c) and PO formation (d). Reaction conditions: Wcat = 0.1 g, C3H6/O2 = 1/39 (mol ratio), Ftotal = 60 mL·min-1, T = 200-300 °C, P = 1 bar, time on stream = 30 min.

Fig. 3. (a) XRD patterns. (b) UV-Vis DRS of Cu/SBA-15, Cu@Si/SBA-15, and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15. (c) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution of SBA-15, Cu/SBA-15, and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15.

Fig. 4. The AC-HAADF-STEM image and elemental mapping of Cu@Si/α-Al2O3.

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of sectioning of resin-embedded catalyst to expose cross-sections. (b) AC-HAADF-STEM image of Cu@Si/SBA-15 after the ultrathin sectioning. The inserted figure is the particle size distribution. (c) Atomic-resolution image and the model of individual Cu particles in Cu@Si/SBA-15.

Fig. 6. Characterizations of Cu/SBA-15, Cu@Si/SBA-15, and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15. (a,b) Low-temperature (77 K) infrared transmission spectra. (c) FT k3-weighted Cu K-edge EXAFS spectra. (d-f) Wavelet transform for k3-weighted Cu K-edge EXAFS signals. Note: For all wavelet representations, the following set of parameters controls the WT resolution: σ = 1 and η = 7. Note that not all WT EXAFS are phase-corrected, which results in about 0.4 Å with respect to the actual radial distances.

Fig. 7. Characterization of Cu/SBA-15, Cs-Cu/SBA-15, Cu@Si/SBA-15, and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15. (a) The H2-TPR profiles. (b) XPS spectra of Cu 2p and peak fitting results. (c) Raman spectra.

Fig. 8. The reaction orders of C3H6 (a) and O2 (b) in C3H6 oxidation over Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15. The reaction orders of C3H6 (c) and O2 (d) in C3H6 epoxidation for PO formation over Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15. Reaction condition: Ftotal = 30 mL·min-1, Wcat = 50 mg, 250 °C. The in-situ IR spectra of Cu@Si/SBA-15 (e) and Cs-Cu@Si/SBA-15 (f,g) at 250 °C under a flowing mixture of N2, N2 + C3H6, and N2 + C3H6 + O2. Conditions: 0.01 g catalyst, C3H6:N2 = 1:9, C3H6:O2:N2 = 1:1:8, Ftotal = 50 mL·min-1, 1 atm).

Fig. 9. The key intermediates and reaction networks of C3H6 epoxidation on the Cu-O-Si interfaces. The arrows indicate the direction of electron transfer.

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二氧化硅限域Cu₂O纳米颗粒用于分子氧丙烯环氧化

Silica-confined Cu₂O nanoparticles for propylene epoxidation with molecular oxygen

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