催化学报

催化学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 81: 5-8.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(25)64874-1

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从根本性缺陷到可调控参数: 酸性CO2电解中盐沉积问题的工程化解决路径及其工业可行性

王根香a,b, 卢致文b, 温珍海b()   

  1. a 江苏大学能源与动力工程学院, 江苏镇江 212013
    b 中国科学院福建物质结构研究所, 中国科学院功能纳米结构设计与组装重点实验室, 福建省氢能源材料与技术重点实验室, 福建福州 350002
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25 接受日期:2025-08-11 出版日期:2026-02-18 发布日期:2025-12-26
  • 通讯作者: *电子信箱: wen@fjirsm.ac.cn (温珍海).
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(22209183);国家自然科学基金(22225902);国家重点研究计划(2022YFE0115900);江苏大学人才引进启动金(23JDG027)

From fundamental flaw to manageable parameter: Engineering salt precipitation out of acidic CO2RR for industrial viability

Genxiang Wanga,b, Zhiwen Lub, Zhenhai Wenb()   

  1. a School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
    b CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Techniques toward Hydrogen Energy, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
  • Received:2025-07-25 Accepted:2025-08-11 Online:2026-02-18 Published:2025-12-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: wen@fjirsm.ac.cn (Z. Wen).
  • About author:Zhenhai Wen (Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences) received his Ph.D. degree from the Chinese Academy of Sciences China in 2008. Then he conducted postdoctoral research at the Max Planck Institute and the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. He has been working in Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences since 2015. He is a recipient of the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. His research focuses on advanced electrode materials and hybrid electrochemical energy devices. He has published over 300 papers (h-index: 104, 35000+ citations), holds 20+ patents, and has been a Clarivate Highly Cited Researcher from 2018 to 2024.
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(22209183);National Natural Science Foundation of China(22225902);National Key Research & Development Program of China(2022YFE0115900);Advanced Talents of Jiangsu University, China(23JDG027)

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摘要：

CO2电还原(CO2RR)是一种具备重大应用潜力的碳中和技术, 但其工业化进程长期受到盐沉积问题的严重制约. 在传统碱性或中性电解体系中, 易发生碳酸盐结晶, 造成气体扩散层堵塞, CO2利用效率下降及系统稳定性减弱等问题; 而酸性条件下, 析氢反应(HER)竞争激烈, 对催化剂与反应器设计提出极高要求. 近年来, 酸性CO2RR在抑制HER、提高反应效率方面取得显著进展, 但仍缺乏系统性解决方案以实现长效稳定运行与真正意义上的工业应用. 本文聚焦酸性CO2RR中盐沉积问题的本质, 结合近年关键进展, 提出将其从“不可控障碍”重新定义为“可工程化调控参数”的思路, 为推进CO2电解技术产业化提供重要参考.

本文系统综述了酸性CO2RR中盐沉淀问题的成因与应对策略, 重点分析了三类代表成果. Sargent课题组通过阳离子增强层与有机官能化策略调控电极-电解质界面微环境, 在强酸中构建局部碱性区, 实现C2+产物高效合成, 但仍面临高浓度阳离子导致的盐沉积和较高槽压的问题. Xia等人利用废铅衍生的稳健催化剂与质子交换膜反应器结构, 以氢氧化反应(HOR)替代析氧反应, 实现了超过5200 h稳定运行和93%的甲酸法拉第效率, 但阴极侧高钾离子浓度仍有潜在的盐沉积风险. Wang等人提出的酸性加湿策略标志着该领域迎来发展转折, 通过将微量挥发性酸(如HCl, HNO3)引入CO2进料气流, 将易沉积的碳酸氢根转化为高溶解性阴离子(如Cl−, NO3−), 在不干扰催化微环境的前提下从根本上抑制盐结晶, 最终在100 cm2电解槽、10 A总电流条件下实现了4500 h连续运行, CO选择性保持在80%−90%, 稳定性提升达56倍. 该方法具有良好的催化剂普适性(Ag, Bi2O3, ZnO, Cu2O等), 且酸蒸气流对膜与电极未见明显损害. 基于上述研究, 本文进一步提出, 将酸性加湿策略与稳健催化剂(如Xia等所开发的废铅催化剂)和先进的反应器设计相结合, 可构建完整且具备工业可行性的CO2电解系统.

展望指出, 未来应重点开发与设备兼容的生物基挥发性酸、设计耐酸和抗离子交叉的膜电极系统、优化热/水/盐管理的多场耦合模拟与原位表征, 并拓展非HOR的高效阳极反应路径, 同时开展全面的经济技术评估. 本文所综述的盐沉淀工程控制策略及其系统集成思路, 为CO2电解技术从实验室走向产业化提供了清晰且具有操作性的技术路径.

关键词: CO2电还原, 盐沉积, 酸性电解, 挥发性酸加湿, 工业可行性

Abstract:

Salt precipitation remains a persistent barrier to industrial CO2 electrolysis. This Perspective analyzes transformative breakthroughs in acidic systems, elegantly connecting Sargent’s cation-focused interface engineering, Xia’s robust catalyst/reactor design, and Wang’s revolutionary acid humidification strategy into a cohesive industrial pathway. Based on this, we propose that integrating these approaches, combining acid-humidified feeds with durable catalysts and reactor designs, could establish a scalable route to industrial CO2 electrolysis deployment powered by renewable electricity.

Key words: CO2 electroreduction, Salt deposition, Acidic electrolysis, Volatile acid humidification, Industrial feasibility