Low CeO2 content with superior performance: In-situ spectroscopic insights into multicomponent CuFeCe/γ-Al2O3 catalysts for mild-temperature reverse water-gas shift

doi:10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65221-7

Abstract

Abstract:

CO is a key precursor for high-value-added chemicals, and its production via the reverse water-gas shift reaction is crucial for carbon-neutral processes. Herein, we report on a multicomponent low Ce-containing CuFeCe/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst (actual loading Cu=0.84 wt%, Fe=0.46 wt% and Ce=4.5 wt%) which achieves CO formation rate of ca. 47 mmol g_cat^-1 h^-1 with > 99% selectivity at 380 °C, surpassing the performance of bulk CeO₂-based catalysts under similar conditions. Using in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, in-situ electron paramagnetic resonance and ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the superior activity arises from the coexistence of Cu single sites and small Cu⁰ clusters, stabilized by FeO_x clusters and neighboring O-vacancies (O_v) associated with highly dispersed CeO_x nanoparticles on γ-Al₂O₃. Cu single sites vicinal to Ce³⁺ rapidly shuttle between Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺, activating CO₂ while Cu⁰ clusters facilitate H₂ dissociation. In addition to direct CO₂ activation, H-assistance pathway via a bridged formate intermediate contributes to CO formation, preferentially at the interfaces shared by Cu, Fe, and Ce species. Compared to monometallic and bimetallic analogs, the trimetallic catalyst exhibits markedly higher activity. Long-term tests (115 h) reveal reversible re-activation cycles, demonstrating the catalyst’s robustness under dynamic operating conditions.

Key words: Reverse water-gas shift reaction, Carbon dioxide, Low Ce-containing catalyst, In-situ spectroscopy characterization, Oxygen vacancies, Bridged formate

Deng Min, Sebastian Cisneros, Abdallah I. M. Rabee, Thanh Huyen Vuong, Jiadong Xiao, Yaoyuan Zhang, Rongsheng Cai, Feng Shi, Jabor Rabeah. Low CeO₂ content with superior performance: In-situ spectroscopic insights into multicomponent CuFeCe/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts for mild-temperature reverse water-gas shift[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2026, 91: 176-191.

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URL: https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/10.1016/S1872-2067(26)65221-7

https://www.cjcatal.com/EN/Y2026/V91/I12/176

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1 Structural properties of the distinct catalysts and bare γ-Al2O3 support.

Catalyst	Cu/wt% (1.0)^a	Ce/wt% (5.0)	Fe/wt% (0.5)	SSA/ m² g^-1	Average pore size/nm
Cu/γ-Al₂O₃	0.87	—	—	130	26.1
CuCe/γ-Al₂O₃	0.85	3.3	—	137	25.9
CuFe/γ-Al₂O₃	0.91	—	0.49	130	27.4
CuFeCe/γ-Al₂O₃	0.84	4.5	0.46	130	28.5
FeCe/γ-Al₂O₃	—	4.1	0.41	146	22.4
Fe/γ-Al₂O₃	—	—	0.48	—^b	—
γ-Al₂O₃	—	—	—	144	23.3

Fig. 1. Selected HAADF-STEM images of the catalysts before (a-c) and after (d-f) reaction. The dashed white circles enclose possible clusters of Cu species.

Fig. 2. Representative HAADF-STEM images of the fresh (a,c) and spent (b,d) Ce-containing catalysts indicating the presence of CeO2 (111), (200) and (311) planes.

Fig. 3. (a) CO rate (mass-normalized) over the catalysts after 12 h at the corresponding temperature (CO2 conversion < 20%). Reaction conditions: P=1 bar, CO2:H2=1:3, GHSV=36000 mL g-1 h-1. (b) Apparent activation energy for CO production over the catalysts in the range 340-380 °C. (c) Long-term stability at 380 °C over CuFeCe/γ-Al2O3. Red arrows indicate catalyst reactivation by oxidation (5% O2 in N2, 15 min) and re-reduction (50% H2 in N2, 15 min). Error bars represent the standard deviation of two independent experiments under identical conditions.

Fig. 7. (a-c) CO adsorption DRIFTS spectra obtained over the pre-reduced catalysts under 1% CO in He (25 mL min-1) during 15 min (purple spectra) and under 100% He (25 mL min-1) during 15 min (orange spectra). (d-f) CO adsorption DRIFT spectra computed after subtracting the spectrum collected after CO saturation from the spectra recorded under 100% He. All the spectra were recorded at RT.

Table 2 Kinetic parameters for the oxidation/reduction of Cu2+ sites over Cu/γ-Al2O3 and CuCe/γ-Al2O3 estimated by fitting the respective time evolution of the EPR second integrals of the spectra during distinct gas atmosphere switches.

Gas switch	Cu/γ-Al₂O₃		CuCe/γ-Al₂O₃		CuFeCe/γ-Al₂O₃
Gas switch	k₁₁/min^-1	k₂₁/min^-1	k₁₂/min^-1	k₂₂/min^-1	k₁₃/min^-1	k₂₃/min^-1
100% He → 50% H₂in He	0.63	0.014	0.49	0.017	—	—
50% H₂ in He → 15% CO₂ in He	0.35	0.016	0.15	0.025	0.71^a	0.048^a
15% CO₂ in He → 50% H₂ in He	0.38	0.011	0.40	0.010	—	—
50% H₂ in He → H₂ + CO₂ (3:1)	0.33	0.28	0.35	0.22	0.13^a	0.34^a

Fig. 4. (a) XPS spectra in the Cu 2p region of fresh Cu/γ-Al2O3, CuCe/γ-Al2O3, and CuFeCe/γ-Al2O3. (b) XPS spectra in the Ce 3d region of fresh CuCe/γ-Al2O3 and CuFeCe/γ-Al2O3. The percentages represent the atomic surface fractions estimated for the respective cations.

Fig. 5. (a-c) In-situ DRIFTS spectra recorded during 15 min at 350 °C over the distinct catalysts. RWGSR conditions: 25 mL min-1, 15% CO2, 45% H2 and balance He. The time separation between 2 consecutive spectra corresponds to 1 min.

Fig. 6. DRIFTS spectra recorded during 15 min at 350 °C over the distinct catalysts after switch from SS-RWGSR to 50% H2 in He (a-c), and after switch from SS-RWGSR to 100% He (d-f). The time separation between 2 consecutive spectra corresponds to 1 min.

Fig. 8. In-situ EPR spectra recorded during reduction in 50% H2 in He (a-c) and during gas switch from 50% H2 in He to 15% CO2 in He (d-f) over the distinct catalysts. All the spectra were recorded at 350 °C and flow rate of 25 mL min-1. The time separation between 2 consecutive spectra corresponds to 1 min.

Fig. 9. In-situ EPR spectra recorded at 350 °C during the switch from 15% CO2 in He to 50% H2 in He (a-c) and from 50% H2 in He to RWGSR conditions (d-f) over the distinct catalysts (flow rate of 25 mL min-1). The time separation between 2 consecutive spectra corresponds to 1 min.

Scheme 1. Proposed active sites and operative mechanisms for the RWGSR occurring on the CuFeCe/γ-Al2O3 catalyst.

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Low CeO₂ content with superior performance: In-situ spectroscopic insights into multicomponent CuFeCe/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts for mild-temperature reverse water-gas shift

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