催化学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (9): 1413-1438.DOI: 10.1016/S1872-2067(20)63769-X
• 综述 • 下一篇
陈通, 刘丽珍, 胡程, 黄洪伟*(
)
收稿日期:2020-12-22
接受日期:2021-01-29
出版日期:2021-09-18
发布日期:2021-05-16
通讯作者:
黄洪伟
基金资助:
Tong Chen, Lizhen Liu, Cheng Hu, Hongwei Huang*()
Received:2020-12-22
Accepted:2021-01-29
Online:2021-09-18
Published:2021-05-16
Contact:
Hongwei Huang
About author:* E-mail: hhw@cugb.edu.cnSupported by:摘要：
随着全球经济的快速发展与人口的日益膨胀, 随之而来的能源消耗与环境污染也日益成为一个严峻的挑战. 半导体光催化技术能够将低密度的太阳能转化为高密度的化学能, 此外它能够通过产生活性自由基来降解空气或水中的污染物, 因此在解决上述问题中具有巨大潜力, 被认为是有着广阔前景的绿色无污染的能源转化和环境修复手段. 在过去几十年的研究中, 一些光催化剂表现出了较好的光催化活性, 如TiO2和ZnO等. 然而, 由于它们的宽带隙, 仅仅在紫外光下具有活性, 这极大地限制了其对太阳光的利用. 为了尽可能地利用太阳能, 研究者们开发了许多具有可见光活性的光催化剂.
钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)作为一种典型的Aurivillius层状钙钛矿材料, 因具有独特的层状结构、良好的可见光催化活性、高的热稳定性和光化学稳定性及环境友好性等特点而备受关注. 然而, 有限的光吸收和光生载流子的快速复合阻碍了Bi2WO6光催化性能的进一步提高. 因此, 研究者们进行了大量的研究, 致力于进一步增强Bi2WO6光催化剂的活性. 本文对Bi2WO6基光催化剂的最新研究进展进行了系统综述. 首先介绍了Bi2WO6的晶体结构、光学性质和光催化基本原理. 然后, 基于Bi2WO6的改性策略, 包括形貌控制、原子调控和复合材料制备, 重点讨论了Bi2WO6在水分解、污染物处理、空气净化、杀菌消毒、二氧化碳还原、选择性有机合成等领域的光催化应用. 最后, 对Bi2WO6基光催化剂当前面临的挑战和未来的发展作了展望和总结, 提出了Bi2WO6光催化剂未来的一些研究方向, 包括(1)大规模、精确可控地合成Bi2WO6, 特别是高活性晶面、多孔结构和量子点的设计; (2)精确调控原子位置, 利用先进的技术手段进一步揭示活性位点上的光催化过程; (3)发展原位表征技术来观察复合光催化剂的界面电荷动力学以及开发新型Bi2WO6基复合体系. (4)通过机械应力、温度梯度以及电场等外场的耦合提高Bi2WO6的光催化性能; (5)进一步深入研究Bi2WO6在不同领域的光催化应用, 特别是在肿瘤治疗和太阳能燃料制备方面, 一些新的应用如固氮等也值得探索. 期望本综述能够为Bi2WO6和其他高效光催化材料的设计提供一些指导和帮助.
陈通, 刘丽珍, 胡程, 黄洪伟. Bi2WO6基光催化剂在环境和能源领域的最新研究进展[J]. 催化学报, 2021, 42(9): 1413-1438.
Tong Chen, Lizhen Liu, Cheng Hu, Hongwei Huang. Recent advances on Bi2WO6-based photocatalysts for environmental and energy applications[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 2021, 42(9): 1413-1438.
Fig. 1. Number of publications for keyword “Bi2WO6 AND photocatalytic” (data obtained from Web of Science on November 10, 2020).
Fig. 2. (a) Schematic illustration of semiconductor photocatalysis: (I) the formation of photogenerated carriers; (II) the recombination process of photogenerated carriers; (III) the reduction reaction of electrons; (IV) the oxidation reaction of holes; (V) the further photocatalytic mineralization; (VI) the trapping of CB electrons at active sites on the surface of photocatalyst; (VII) the trapping of VB holes at the surface active sites of the photocatalyst. Adapted with permission from Ref. [7]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Crystal structure of Bi2WO6. (c) Redox potentials of a variety of species and band energy positions of Bi2WO6 photocatalyst.
Fig. 3. (a,b) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of flower-like Bi2WO6 microsphere. Adapted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) SEM images of flower-like Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (d,e) SEM images of single-unit-cell layer 3D Bi2WO6. (f) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and corresponding height profiles (insets) of single-unit-cell layer 3D Bi2WO6. (g) Formation diagram of single-unit-cell layer 3D Bi2WO6. (h) Photocatalytic H2 evolution over single-unit-cell layer 3D Bi2WO6 (λ > 420 nm). Adapted with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig. 4. (a) Schematic illustration of motion mechanism of the Bi2WO6 microrobots. (b) Time-lapse images of the Bi2WO6 microrobots moving in water and H2O2 respectively under dark and visible light irradiation. (c) The clustering of Bi2WO6 microrobots under illumination and their further contact with textile fibers. Adapted with permission from Ref. [70]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 5. (a,b) SEM images of erythrocyte-like Bi2WO6 and the photograph of erythrocyte (the insert of a). Adapted with permission from Ref. [32]. Copyright 2015, Elsevier. (c) Crystal growth process of Bi2WO6. (d) Layered structure of Bi2WO6. (e) SEM images of Bi2WO6 at the different reaction times. Adapted with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 6. (a) SEM image of 3D hollow Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (b,c) SEM images of Bi2WO6 hierarchical structures. (d) Schematic illustration of the Bi2WO6 evolution process. (e) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms. Adapted with permission from Ref. [72]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig. 7. (a) SEM image of Bi2WO6 nanoplates. Adapted with permission from Ref. [73]. Copyright 2005, American Chemical Society. (b) SEM image of Bi2WO6 nanosheets. Adapted with permission from Ref. [74]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (c) The morphology of Bi2WO6. (d) The cross-section morphology of Bi2WO6. (e) Schematic diagram of photocatalytic reaction on Bi2WO6 surface and the energy positions of CB and VB for Bi2WO6-O, Bi2WO6-Cl and Bi2WO6-Br. Adapted with permission from Ref. [27]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 8. (a) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image. Density of states (DOS) of (b) single-unit-cell Bi2WO6 and (c) bulk Bi2WO6. Charge density distribution for the CB edge of (d) single-unit-cell Bi2WO6 and (e) bulk Bi2WO6. (f) Photocatalytic methanol evolution. Adapted with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH. (g) TEM image and the corresponding HRTEM image of Bi2WO6. (h) AFM image of the monolayer Bi2WO6. (i) Schematic illustration of photocatalytic mechanism on the monolayer Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [56]. Copyright 2015, Springer Nature.
Fig. 9. (a) SEM image of the Bi2WO6 nanosheets and corresponding magnified image (inset). (b) TEM image and AFM image (inset) of the Bi2WO6 nanosheets. (c) Digital photographs and (d) XPS spectra of Bi2WO6 in the initial and coloured state. (e) Raman spectra for pristine Bi2WO6 and the p-Bi2WO6 sample series. (f) XAFS characterization for pristine Bi2WO6 and the p-Bi2WO6 sample series and magnification of the section indicated by a dashed box (inset). (g,h) Energy band scheme, microscopic structure and working mechanism of photocatalytic Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [76]. Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.
Fig. 10. (a) CO2 reduction rate of X-Bi2WO6; (b) Relative Gibbs free energy diagrams of the whole path of CO2 reduction to CO for Bi2WO6 and Br-Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [77]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH. (c) Photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance after irradiation for 5 h. (d) Analysis of photocatalytic products and hydrophobic-hydrophilic properties. Adapted with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
Fig. 11. (a,b) SEM images of the Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [36]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) SEM image of Bi2WO6 nanofibers. Adapted with permission from Ref. [87]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier. (d) TEM image and HRTEM image (inset) of Bi2WO6 nanoparticles. (e) The EPR spectra. (f) Relative HeLa cell viabilities under different treatments. (g) Positron emission tomography images of mice under different treatments (Day 21, I: saline; II: indocyanine green + laser; III: W18O49 + laser; IV: Bi2WO6 + laser). Tumor lesions are highlighted by white circles and right panels show the tumor images in cross section. Adapted with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 12. Working process of PM-Bi2WO6 nanoparticles. In radiotherapy, oxygen reactions with the broken end of DNA and damages cells, leading to a deteriorated hypoxia condition that is helpful to recruit MDSCs and inhibits the function of CTLs. In PTT/PDT/RT treatment, PM-Bi2WO6 nanoparticles can convert H2O into hydroxyl radicals under light without O2 consumption. Therefore, the tumor microenvironment is not conducive to the recruitment of MDSCs. At the same time, it is helpful for CTLs to respond to stress condition, so as to effectively against tumors. Adapted with permission from Ref. [88]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.
| Photocatalyst | Synthetic method | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target, etc) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D | Hollow structures of Bi2WO6 QDs | Solvothermal method | UV-Vis light; 0.2 g; / | CH3OH production: 7.5 μmol/g/h | [ |
| Single-unit-cell layer Bi2WO6 hierarchical architectures | SDBS-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; RhB degradation: 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L; H2 evolution: 50 mg; 20 mL CH3OH and 3 wt% Pt (co-catalyst) | RhB degradation: 93.1% (1 h) H2 evolution: 5.6 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Flower-like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 50 mg; 8 mmol | Toluene conversion: 464 μmol/g/h (1.5% conversion ) (96% selectivity) | [ | |
| Hollow Bi2WO6 microspheres | Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.3 g; 3 L/min | NO removal: 44.5% (60 min) | [ | |
| Tetragonal Bi2WO6 | Molten salt method | λ > 400 nm; RhB/phenol degradation: 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L 0.1 mL H2O2; O2 evolution: 0.1 g; 0.1 mol/L AgNO3 (electron sacrificial agent) | RhB degradation: 0.072 min-1 Phenol degradation: 0.0085 min-1; O2 evolution: 84.8 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Erythrocyte-like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 0.212 min-1 | [ | |
| Flower-like Bi2WO6 microspheres | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 5 mg/L | RhB degradation: 91% (3 h) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 with quadrangular body rectangular column structure | PVP-assisted hydrothermal process | /; 0.2 g/L; 5 mg/L | Methyl orange (MO) degradation: 74.3% (3 h) | [ | |
| Hierarchical Bi2WO6 nanoarchitectures | Solvothermal method | Visible light irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 0.020 min-1 | [ | |
| Mesoporous nanoplate multi-directional assembled Bi2WO6 | Solvothermal method | λ > 420 nm; 0.5 g; 2 mg/L NO, O2, and N2 balance (400 mL/min) | NO removal: almost 100% (2 min) | [ | |
| 2D | Monolayer Bi2WO6 | CTAB-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; RhB degradation: 0.25 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L; H2 evolution: 0.2 g/L; 0.4 g ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, sacrificial reagent) and 0.3 wt% Pt (co-catalyst) | RhB degradation: 98% (25 min) H2 evolution: 4.5 μmol/g (6 h) | [ |
| Single-unit-cell Bi2WO6 | Sodium oleate-assisted hydrothermal process | AM1.5G; 1.43 g/L; 0.5 mL/min | CH3OH evolution: 75 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Photocatalyst | Synthetic method | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target, etc) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
| Photochromic Bi2WO6 nanosheets | OTAC-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 400 nm; 50 mg; 1 mmol (acetonitrile as solvent) | Toluene conversion : 2162 μmol/g/h Product: benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanosheets | CTAC-assisted hydrothermal process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 20 mg; 0.4 g EDTA; 10 μmol/L rhodamine and Pt | H2 evolution: 73.12 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanosheets | Hydrothermal process with precursor | λ > 400 nm; /; 5 mL/min | CH4 evolution: 8.02 µmol/g (8 h) | [ | |
| Ultra-thin Bi2WO6 porous nanosheets | Hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; 1.2 g/L; 10 mg/L | Cr (VI) degradation: 97% (100 min) | [ | |
| Flake-Like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal process | λ = 254 nm; 1.0 g/L; 5 mg/L | RhB degradation: 100% (180 min) | [ | |
| Halogenation-modified Bi2WO6 nanosheets | Hydrothermal process with different modifiers | /;50 mg; 0.084 g NaHCO3 and 300 μL H2SO4 (2 M) | CO evolution: 13.8 µmol/g/h | [ | |
| Atomically thin Bi2WO6 nanosheets | CTAB-assisted hydrothermal process | AM 1.5; 30 mg; high purity CO2 gas | CO evolution: 7.1 µmol/g/h | [ | |
| 1D | Hierarchical Bi2WO6 hollow tubes | Solvothermal method with precursor | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 99% (90 min) | [ |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | Under light irradiation; 1 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 70% (60 min) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | λ > 400 nm; 1.5 g/L; 20 mg/L | Methylene blue (MB) degradation: 94.7% (200 min) | [ | |
| Mesoporous TiO2/Bi2WO6 hollow superstructure | Hydrothermal process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 96% (60 min) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 0.02 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 75% (70 min) | [ | |
| WO3/Bi2WO6 nanorods | Solvothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (4 h) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6/RGO composite nanofibers | Electrospinning process | 380 nm < λ < 750 nm; 0.1 g; 25 mL methyl alcohol and 75 mL water | H2 evolution: 5611 μmol (6 h) | [ | |
| 0D | Bi2WO6 nanoparticles | Oil bath | 808-nm laser; 200 mg/L; / | Relative HeLa cell viabilities: 13% (24 h) | [ |
| platelet membrane/ Bi2WO6 nanoparticle hybrids | Oil bath | X-ray irradiation; /; / | Tumor volume: ~30% of its original size | [ | |
Table 1 A summary of Bi2WO6 with various morphologies for diverse photocatalytic applications.
| Photocatalyst | Synthetic method | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target, etc) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3D | Hollow structures of Bi2WO6 QDs | Solvothermal method | UV-Vis light; 0.2 g; / | CH3OH production: 7.5 μmol/g/h | [ |
| Single-unit-cell layer Bi2WO6 hierarchical architectures | SDBS-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; RhB degradation: 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L; H2 evolution: 50 mg; 20 mL CH3OH and 3 wt% Pt (co-catalyst) | RhB degradation: 93.1% (1 h) H2 evolution: 5.6 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Flower-like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 50 mg; 8 mmol | Toluene conversion: 464 μmol/g/h (1.5% conversion ) (96% selectivity) | [ | |
| Hollow Bi2WO6 microspheres | Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.3 g; 3 L/min | NO removal: 44.5% (60 min) | [ | |
| Tetragonal Bi2WO6 | Molten salt method | λ > 400 nm; RhB/phenol degradation: 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L 0.1 mL H2O2; O2 evolution: 0.1 g; 0.1 mol/L AgNO3 (electron sacrificial agent) | RhB degradation: 0.072 min-1 Phenol degradation: 0.0085 min-1; O2 evolution: 84.8 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Erythrocyte-like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 0.212 min-1 | [ | |
| Flower-like Bi2WO6 microspheres | Hydrothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 5 mg/L | RhB degradation: 91% (3 h) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 with quadrangular body rectangular column structure | PVP-assisted hydrothermal process | /; 0.2 g/L; 5 mg/L | Methyl orange (MO) degradation: 74.3% (3 h) | [ | |
| Hierarchical Bi2WO6 nanoarchitectures | Solvothermal method | Visible light irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 0.020 min-1 | [ | |
| Mesoporous nanoplate multi-directional assembled Bi2WO6 | Solvothermal method | λ > 420 nm; 0.5 g; 2 mg/L NO, O2, and N2 balance (400 mL/min) | NO removal: almost 100% (2 min) | [ | |
| 2D | Monolayer Bi2WO6 | CTAB-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; RhB degradation: 0.25 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L; H2 evolution: 0.2 g/L; 0.4 g ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, sacrificial reagent) and 0.3 wt% Pt (co-catalyst) | RhB degradation: 98% (25 min) H2 evolution: 4.5 μmol/g (6 h) | [ |
| Single-unit-cell Bi2WO6 | Sodium oleate-assisted hydrothermal process | AM1.5G; 1.43 g/L; 0.5 mL/min | CH3OH evolution: 75 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Photocatalyst | Synthetic method | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target, etc) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
| Photochromic Bi2WO6 nanosheets | OTAC-assisted hydrothermal process | λ > 400 nm; 50 mg; 1 mmol (acetonitrile as solvent) | Toluene conversion : 2162 μmol/g/h Product: benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and benzoic acid | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanosheets | CTAC-assisted hydrothermal process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 20 mg; 0.4 g EDTA; 10 μmol/L rhodamine and Pt | H2 evolution: 73.12 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanosheets | Hydrothermal process with precursor | λ > 400 nm; /; 5 mL/min | CH4 evolution: 8.02 µmol/g (8 h) | [ | |
| Ultra-thin Bi2WO6 porous nanosheets | Hydrothermal process | λ > 420 nm; 1.2 g/L; 10 mg/L | Cr (VI) degradation: 97% (100 min) | [ | |
| Flake-Like Bi2WO6 | Hydrothermal process | λ = 254 nm; 1.0 g/L; 5 mg/L | RhB degradation: 100% (180 min) | [ | |
| Halogenation-modified Bi2WO6 nanosheets | Hydrothermal process with different modifiers | /;50 mg; 0.084 g NaHCO3 and 300 μL H2SO4 (2 M) | CO evolution: 13.8 µmol/g/h | [ | |
| Atomically thin Bi2WO6 nanosheets | CTAB-assisted hydrothermal process | AM 1.5; 30 mg; high purity CO2 gas | CO evolution: 7.1 µmol/g/h | [ | |
| 1D | Hierarchical Bi2WO6 hollow tubes | Solvothermal method with precursor | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 99% (90 min) | [ |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | Under light irradiation; 1 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 70% (60 min) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | λ > 400 nm; 1.5 g/L; 20 mg/L | Methylene blue (MB) degradation: 94.7% (200 min) | [ | |
| Mesoporous TiO2/Bi2WO6 hollow superstructure | Hydrothermal process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 96% (60 min) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6 nanofibers | Electrospinning process | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 0.02 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 75% (70 min) | [ | |
| WO3/Bi2WO6 nanorods | Solvothermal method | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (4 h) | [ | |
| Bi2WO6/RGO composite nanofibers | Electrospinning process | 380 nm < λ < 750 nm; 0.1 g; 25 mL methyl alcohol and 75 mL water | H2 evolution: 5611 μmol (6 h) | [ | |
| 0D | Bi2WO6 nanoparticles | Oil bath | 808-nm laser; 200 mg/L; / | Relative HeLa cell viabilities: 13% (24 h) | [ |
| platelet membrane/ Bi2WO6 nanoparticle hybrids | Oil bath | X-ray irradiation; /; / | Tumor volume: ~30% of its original size | [ | |
Fig. 13. (a) SEM image of the Bi2Mo0.21W0.79O6 and O2 evolution rates of different samples (all samples with 5 wt% deposited Co3O4) under visible light irradiation. (b) UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) of different samples. Adapted with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (c) UV-Vis DRS of the as-prepared samples. (d) Degradation efficiency of phenol under simulated sunlight irradiation. Adapted with permission from Ref. [118]. Copyright 2010, Elsevier.
Fig. 14. (a) Hg0 removal efficiency of different samples under visible light irradiation. (b) Reusability of Bi2WO6-I in photocatalytic oxidation of Hg0. Adapted with permission from Ref. [120]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. (c) Degradation curves of RhB in different samples under visible light irradiation. (d) Schematic diagrams of the photodegradation of F-Ce-Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [100]. Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 15. (a) PL spectra and (b) fluorescence decay curves of different Bi2WO6 samples. (c) The photocurrent curves and (d) electrochemical impedance spectra of different Bi2WO6 samples. Adapted with permission from Ref. [106]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. (e) UV-Vis DRS of Bi2WO6, PO4-Bi2WO6 and Vo-PO4-Bi2WO6 atomic layers. Calculated DOS of (f) Vo-PO4-Bi2WO6 atomic layers, (g) PO4-Bi2WO6 atomic layers, (h) Bi2WO6 atomic layers and (i) bulk Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [121]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig. 16. (a) Crystal structure of Bi2WO6, in which V1, V2 and V3 represent three different positions of oxygen vacancies. DOS of (b) pure Bi2WO6 and (c) Bi2WO6-V2. Adsorption and activation of O2 on the surface of (d) pure Bi2WO6 and (g) Bi2WO6 with oxygen vacancy. The charge density of (e) pure Bi2WO6 and (h) Bi2WO6 with oxygen vacancy, respectively. The charge difference distribution of (f) pure Bi2WO6 and (i) Bi2WO6 with oxygen vacancy, respectively. Adapted with permission from Ref. [131]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (The purple, gray and red spheres represent Bi, W and O atoms, respectively.) (j) UV-Vis DRS of different samples. Adapted with permission from Ref. [132]. Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry. (k) EPR spectra of Bi2WO6 and VO-Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 17. (a) Aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM images of the VBi-rich Bi2WO6. (b) Clear structural model showing surface Bi vacancies in a. (purple balls represent atom and the blank represents the Bi vacancy on the surface in the model.) (c) Cycling curves of VBi-rich Bi2WO6 for O2 evolution. Adapted with permission from Ref. [133]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (d) Schematic illustration of photocatalytic mechanism over the VW-Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [135]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. (e) DOS of Bi2WO6 with or without double defect. Transient infrared absorption spectra of (f) Bi2WO6 with Bi-O vacancy pairs and (g) plate-structured Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2015, Wiley-VCH.
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doping | N doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 81% (30 min) | [ |
| Gd doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 99% (2 h) | [ | |
| Ce and F co-doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (3 h) | [ | |
| PO4 doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L (0.05 g citric acid) | Cr (VI) reduction: 0.159 min-1 | [ | |
| Mo doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 100 mg; 0.02 mol/L Na2S2O8 and 0.1 mol/L NaOH and (samples with 5 wt% deposited Co3O4) | O2 evolution: 147.2 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| PO4 doped VO-Bi2WO6 | AM1.5 G; /; CO2 gas | CH3OH evolution: 157 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Lu doped Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 0.1 mmol/L | RhB degradation: ~92% (3 h) | [ | |
| Yb doped VO-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L;/ | RhB degradation: 95% (3 h) | [ | |
| La doped Bi2WO6; Ce doped Bi2WO6; Gd doped Bi2WO6; Yb doped Bi2WO6 | Simulated solar irradiation; /; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (120 min); ~100% (120 min); ~100% (90 min); ~100% (90 min); | [ | |
| Cu doped Bi2WO6 | LED lamp (460 nm); 2.0 g/L; 15mg/L | Norfloxacin degradation: 90% (60 min); | [ | |
| Mg doped Bi2WO6;Fe doped Bi2WO6;Zn doped Bi2WO6;Cu doped Bi2WO6; | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | Ciprofloxacin degradation: 0.0267 min-1; 0.0446 min-1; 0.0570 min-1; 0.0460 min-1; | [ | |
| Fe doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 10 mmol toluene | Benzaldehyde formation rate: 1303.8 μmol/g/h (selectivity: 96.8%) | [ | |
| Defect engineering | VW-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 5 g/L; 0.2 mol/L (trifluorotoluene saturated with O2 as solvent) | Benzyl alcohol conversion: 55% (8 h) (> 99% selectivity) Product: benzaldehyde | [ |
| VBi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.05 mol/L AgNO3 (electron sacrificial agent) | O2 evolution: 100.13 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| VBi-Bi2WO6 | 420 nm < λ < 780 nm; 0.1 g; 25 mg/L | Toluene removal: ~100% (3 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g/L; / | NO removal: 47% (30 min) | [ | |
| VBi-O-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L;20 mg/L | Diclofenac degradation: 3.127 h-1 | [ | |
| VW-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 0.01 mol/L | Phenol degradation: 80% (6 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | Simulated solar light; /; CO2 and water vapour (5 mL/min) | CH4 evolution: 13.9 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | /; 10 mg; high-purity CO2 | CO evolution: 40.6 μmol/g/h | [ | |
Table 2 A summary of Bi2WO6 modified by atomic modulation for diverse photocatalytic applications.
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Doping | N doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 81% (30 min) | [ |
| Gd doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 99% (2 h) | [ | |
| Ce and F co-doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (3 h) | [ | |
| PO4 doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 10 mg/L (0.05 g citric acid) | Cr (VI) reduction: 0.159 min-1 | [ | |
| Mo doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 100 mg; 0.02 mol/L Na2S2O8 and 0.1 mol/L NaOH and (samples with 5 wt% deposited Co3O4) | O2 evolution: 147.2 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| PO4 doped VO-Bi2WO6 | AM1.5 G; /; CO2 gas | CH3OH evolution: 157 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| Lu doped Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 0.1 mmol/L | RhB degradation: ~92% (3 h) | [ | |
| Yb doped VO-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L;/ | RhB degradation: 95% (3 h) | [ | |
| La doped Bi2WO6; Ce doped Bi2WO6; Gd doped Bi2WO6; Yb doped Bi2WO6 | Simulated solar irradiation; /; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (120 min); ~100% (120 min); ~100% (90 min); ~100% (90 min); | [ | |
| Cu doped Bi2WO6 | LED lamp (460 nm); 2.0 g/L; 15mg/L | Norfloxacin degradation: 90% (60 min); | [ | |
| Mg doped Bi2WO6;Fe doped Bi2WO6;Zn doped Bi2WO6;Cu doped Bi2WO6; | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | Ciprofloxacin degradation: 0.0267 min-1; 0.0446 min-1; 0.0570 min-1; 0.0460 min-1; | [ | |
| Fe doped Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 10 mmol toluene | Benzaldehyde formation rate: 1303.8 μmol/g/h (selectivity: 96.8%) | [ | |
| Defect engineering | VW-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 5 g/L; 0.2 mol/L (trifluorotoluene saturated with O2 as solvent) | Benzyl alcohol conversion: 55% (8 h) (> 99% selectivity) Product: benzaldehyde | [ |
| VBi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.05 mol/L AgNO3 (electron sacrificial agent) | O2 evolution: 100.13 μmol/g/h | [ | |
| VBi-Bi2WO6 | 420 nm < λ < 780 nm; 0.1 g; 25 mg/L | Toluene removal: ~100% (3 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g/L; / | NO removal: 47% (30 min) | [ | |
| VBi-O-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L;20 mg/L | Diclofenac degradation: 3.127 h-1 | [ | |
| VW-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 0.01 mol/L | Phenol degradation: 80% (6 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | Simulated solar light; /; CO2 and water vapour (5 mL/min) | CH4 evolution: 13.9 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | |
| VO-Bi2WO6 | /; 10 mg; high-purity CO2 | CO evolution: 40.6 μmol/g/h | [ | |
Fig. 18. (a) Schematic of the Schottky barrier. Adapted with permission from Ref. [7]. Copyright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) The dynamic process of metal nanoparticles during irradiation (i.e., LSPR). Adapted with permission from Ref. [153]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. LSPR-related mechanisms, including (c) local heating, (d) near-field enhancement and (e) hot electron injection. Adapted with permission from Ref. [155]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.
Fig. 19. (a) Photothermal heating curves. (b) Photocatalytic mechanism of the Au modified Bi2WO6 composite. Adapted with permission from Ref. [157]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. EPR signals of (c) the DMPO-?OH and (d) DMPO-?O2- adducts in the dark and under visible irradiation. Adapted with permission from Ref. [159]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier. (e) UV-Vis DRS of pure Bi2WO6 and Bi2WO6-X. (f) Photocatalytic degradation curves and apparent rate constants. Adapted with permission from Ref. [160]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier.
Fig. 20. (a) The photocurrent density of pristine Bi2WO6 and CQDs/Bi2WO6 under visible (λ > 420 nm) light irradiation. (b) CO2 formation rate in photocatalytic oxidation of acetone under visible light irradiation. Adapted with permission from Ref. [170]. Copyright 2016, Elsevier. The side view of the spatial distributions of partial charge densities of the (c) VB maximum and (d) CB minimum states for CQDs/Bi2WO6. (e) Deformation charge density for CQDs/Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [171]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Fig. 21. (a) Schematic band energy diagram of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6. (b) Transfer process of photogenerated electrons at the interface of Ti3C2/Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [179]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH.
Fig. 22. Schematic illustration of the three different types of semiconductor heterojunction photocatalysts.
Fig. 23. (a) UV‐Vis DRS of the different samples. Adapted with permission from Ref. [190]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (b) Schematic diagram of photocatalytic reaction mechanism. Adapted with permission from Ref. [191]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (c) The X-dependent phase conversion in the series of Bi2WO6 samples. (d) Schematic diagram of the possible reaction mechanism of Bi/Bi2WO6/Bi2O3 under visible light irradiation. Adapted with permission from Ref. [192]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. (e) Band positions of BOI and Bi2WO6-OV. (f) The process of charge transfer and separation of p-n heterojunction for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Adapted with permission from Ref. [195]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Fig. 24. Schematic illustration of liquid-phase Z-scheme system, all-solid-state Z-scheme system and direct Z-scheme system.
Fig. 25. (a) UV-Vis DRS of the different samples. (b) Schematic diagram of the reaction mechanism. (c) The photocatalytic CO, CH4, H2, and O2 production rates. Adapted with permission from Ref. [203]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. Ultrafast time-resolved infrared transient absorption spectroscopy of different sample (normalized optical density; OD). (d) Decay and (g) rising phase signals upon 470 nm excitation. (e) Decay and (h) rising phase signals upon 360 nm excitation. Transient changes over (f) microseconds and (i) milliseconds upon 360 nm excitation. The insets in d, e, f and i represent the electron interactions in their respective process. Adapted with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
Fig. 26. (a) Element mapping of CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6. (b) AFM height image of selected area. (c) Surface potential images in the dark. (d) Surface potential images under light. (e) The corresponding line profiles of surface potential. (f) Schematic diagram of the charge transfer mechanism on CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6. Adapted with permission from Ref. [207]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH.
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based composites | Au-Pd-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 2.5 g/L; 0.025 mol/L (acetonitrile as solvent) | Benzyl alcohol conversion: ~1.63 mmol/h/g (5 h) (72% selectivity); Bhenethyl alcohol conversion: ~1.0 mmol/h/g (5 h) (75% selectivity); 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol conversion: ~1.17 mmol/h/g (5 h) (62% selectivity) Product: the corresponding aromatic aldehyde | [ | |||
| Pt-Bi2WO6 with oxygen vacancy | λ > 420 nm; 30 mg; 250 mg/L | Gaseous toluene removal: 2.927 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 300 mg; 1.0 L/min | NO removal: 53.1% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| Au-Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | MO degradation: ~92% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 92% (25 min) | [ | ||||
| Pt-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; /; 130 mL | 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol conversion: 95% (4 h) (99% selectivity) Product: 4-methoxy benzaldehyde | [ | ||||
| Au-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; /; 20 mg/L | Ofloxacin degradation: 95% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6-x | 120 μW/cm2; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | BPA degradation: 0.55 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Ag-Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 0.033 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Ag-Bi2WO6 | simulated sunlight irradiation; 2.0 g/L; 0.01 mol/L | RhB degradation: 0.158 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Carbon-based composites | Bi2WO6/Graphene Hydrogel | λ > 420 nm; 100 mg; 0.01mmol/L (static system) | MB degradation: ~50% (12 h) | [ | |||
| CQDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 700 nm; /; 5 mL/min | CH4 production: 0.41 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | ||||
| N-Biochar/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 99.1% (45 min) Cr(Ⅵ) reduction: 96.7% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| CQDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; acetone gas | CO2 production: 380 mg/L | [ | ||||
| Graphene oxide/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~93% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.1 g; 0.084 g NaHCO3 and 0.3 mL H2SO4 (2 mol/L) | CH4 production: 1.78 μmol/g/h CH3OH production: 0.44 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| Biomass carbon/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation: ~85% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 20 mg; 5 μL HCHO | CO2 product: 72.8 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| N134 carbon black/Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 40 mg/L | TC degradation: 0.018 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | ||||
| Type Ⅱ junction | Bi2WO6 QDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; / | RhB degradation: 0.32 min-1 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation: 0.65 min-1 | [ | |||
| g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 25 mg; 5 mg/L | Phenol degradation: ~0.075 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Carbon QDs/Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | MO degradation: 94.1% (1h) BPA degradation: 99.5% (2h) | [ | ||||
| g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g/L; 1.25 mmol/L | Ibuprofen degradation: ∼96.1% (1h) | [ | ||||
| N doped g-C3N4 /Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | Phenol degradation: 93.1% (5 h) | [ | ||||
| CdWO4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 50 mg; 0.05 mmol (acetonitrile as solvent) | Benzene conversion: 7.3% (4 h) Product: phenol | [ | ||||
| P-La2Ti2O7/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~99.02% (80 min) | [ | ||||
| N doped TiO2@Bi2WxMo1-xO6 | λ > 400 nm; 0.3 g/L; 40 mg/L | TC degradation: 99.4% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Monomeric hemin/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.2 g/L; 10 mg/L | TC degradation: 86.4% (1 h) | [ | ||||
| Perylene diimide/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.5 g/L; 5 mg/L | Phenol degradation: ~68% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| CuInS2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g; 5 μL | Toluene removal: 63% (5 h) | [ | ||||
| NaYF4: Yb3+, Gd3+, Tm3+@Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | BPA degradation: 94% (180 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6@Bi2S3 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.1 mmol/L | Brilliant red X‐3B degradation: ~55% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi/ Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g; 2.4 L/min | NO removal: 55.4% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2S3/Bi2WO6 | AM 1.5G; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | Ofloxacin degradation: 87% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| BiPO4/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | MB degradation: 0.0305 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Au decorated Bi2WO6/TiO2 | 420 nm < λ < 780 nm; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | 4-Nitroaniline conversion: ~100% (16 min) Product: 4-phenylenediamine | [ | ||||
| MoS2/Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 100% (50 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/RGO | Natural sunlight; /; 60 mg/L | RhB degradation: 95% (4 h) | [ | ||||
| Ag+-CDs-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 20 mg/L | TC degradation: 92% (10 min) | [ | ||||
| g-C3N4@Bi@Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | 2,4-Dichlorophenol degradation (2,4-DCP): 70% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| p-n junction | VO-Bi2WO6 /BiOI | λ > 400 nm; /; 50 mL/min | CH4 production: 18.32 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | |||
| Bi2WO6/BiOI | λ > 420 nm; 10 mg; / | P. aeruginosa mortality: 100% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| Co3O4/ Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation;/ ;/ | Ciprofloxacin degradation: 86% (5 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/Bi2S3/MoS2 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 40 mg/L | Cr(VI) reduction: 0.0361 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Z-scheme junction | Black phosphorus/ Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; NO removal: 80 mg; 10 mg/L (flow rate: 1.2 L/min) H2 evoluion: 0.2 g/L; 10 mL triethanolamine (hole sacrificial agent) and 3 wt% Pt | NO removal: 67% (30 min) H2 evoluion: 4208.4 μmol/g/h | [ | |||
| Bi2WO6/CuBi2O4 | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 15 mg/L | NO removal: ~94% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| CuInS2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.3 g/L; 10 mg/L | Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation: 92.4% (2 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/RGO/g-C3N4 | λ > 420 nm; 50 mg; / | CO production: 15.96 μmol/g/h CH4 production: 2.51 μmol/g/h O2 production: ~10.5 μmol/g/h CH4 production: ~2.2 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 5 mg; high-purity CO2 gas (5 mL EA) | CO and CH4 production: 50.3 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| FAPbBr3/Bi2WO6 | AM 1.5G; 10 mg; 0.1mmol benzyl alcohol and CO2 gas (trifluorotoluene as solvent) | CO production: 170 μmol/g/h benzyl alcohol conversion: 250 μmol/g/h product: benzaldehyde | [ | ||||
| AgBr/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; / | TC degradation: 87.5% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/graphene QDs/WO3 | Visible light irradiation; 0.2 g/L; 20 mg/L | Phenol degradation: 99.8% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Ag decorated WO3/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.2 g; 2 μL | Chlorobenzene removal: 80% (10 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi2Fe4O9/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.3 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (90 min) | [ | ||||
Table 3 A summary of fabrication of Bi2WO6-based composite for diverse photocatalytic applications.
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal-based composites | Au-Pd-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 2.5 g/L; 0.025 mol/L (acetonitrile as solvent) | Benzyl alcohol conversion: ~1.63 mmol/h/g (5 h) (72% selectivity); Bhenethyl alcohol conversion: ~1.0 mmol/h/g (5 h) (75% selectivity); 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol conversion: ~1.17 mmol/h/g (5 h) (62% selectivity) Product: the corresponding aromatic aldehyde | [ | |||
| Pt-Bi2WO6 with oxygen vacancy | λ > 420 nm; 30 mg; 250 mg/L | Gaseous toluene removal: 2.927 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 300 mg; 1.0 L/min | NO removal: 53.1% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| Au-Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | MO degradation: ~92% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 92% (25 min) | [ | ||||
| Pt-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; /; 130 mL | 4-methoxy benzyl alcohol conversion: 95% (4 h) (99% selectivity) Product: 4-methoxy benzaldehyde | [ | ||||
| Au-Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; /; 20 mg/L | Ofloxacin degradation: 95% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi-Bi2WO6-x | 120 μW/cm2; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | BPA degradation: 0.55 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Ag-Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | RhB degradation: 0.033 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Ag-Bi2WO6 | simulated sunlight irradiation; 2.0 g/L; 0.01 mol/L | RhB degradation: 0.158 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Carbon-based composites | Bi2WO6/Graphene Hydrogel | λ > 420 nm; 100 mg; 0.01mmol/L (static system) | MB degradation: ~50% (12 h) | [ | |||
| CQDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 700 nm; /; 5 mL/min | CH4 production: 0.41 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | ||||
| N-Biochar/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 99.1% (45 min) Cr(Ⅵ) reduction: 96.7% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| CQDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; acetone gas | CO2 production: 380 mg/L | [ | ||||
| Graphene oxide/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~93% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.1 g; 0.084 g NaHCO3 and 0.3 mL H2SO4 (2 mol/L) | CH4 production: 1.78 μmol/g/h CH3OH production: 0.44 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| Biomass carbon/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation: ~85% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Ti3C2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 20 mg; 5 μL HCHO | CO2 product: 72.8 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| N134 carbon black/Bi2WO6 | /; 1.0 g/L; 40 mg/L | TC degradation: 0.018 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Photocatalyst | Reaction conditions (light resource, amount or concentration of photocatalyst and target) | Photocatalytic activity | Ref. | ||||
| Type Ⅱ junction | Bi2WO6 QDs/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; / | RhB degradation: 0.32 min-1 4-Chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation: 0.65 min-1 | [ | |||
| g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 25 mg; 5 mg/L | Phenol degradation: ~0.075 h-1 | [ | ||||
| Carbon QDs/Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | MO degradation: 94.1% (1h) BPA degradation: 99.5% (2h) | [ | ||||
| g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g/L; 1.25 mmol/L | Ibuprofen degradation: ∼96.1% (1h) | [ | ||||
| N doped g-C3N4 /Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | Phenol degradation: 93.1% (5 h) | [ | ||||
| CdWO4/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 50 mg; 0.05 mmol (acetonitrile as solvent) | Benzene conversion: 7.3% (4 h) Product: phenol | [ | ||||
| P-La2Ti2O7/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~99.02% (80 min) | [ | ||||
| N doped TiO2@Bi2WxMo1-xO6 | λ > 400 nm; 0.3 g/L; 40 mg/L | TC degradation: 99.4% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Monomeric hemin/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.2 g/L; 10 mg/L | TC degradation: 86.4% (1 h) | [ | ||||
| Perylene diimide/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.5 g/L; 5 mg/L | Phenol degradation: ~68% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| CuInS2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g; 5 μL | Toluene removal: 63% (5 h) | [ | ||||
| NaYF4: Yb3+, Gd3+, Tm3+@Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | BPA degradation: 94% (180 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6@Bi2S3 | λ > 420 nm; 1.0 g/L; 0.1 mmol/L | Brilliant red X‐3B degradation: ~55% (90 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi/ Bi2O3/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.2 g; 2.4 L/min | NO removal: 55.4% (30 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2S3/Bi2WO6 | AM 1.5G; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | Ofloxacin degradation: 87% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| BiPO4/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 0.01 mmol/L | MB degradation: 0.0305 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Au decorated Bi2WO6/TiO2 | 420 nm < λ < 780 nm; 0.25 g/L; 20 mg/L | 4-Nitroaniline conversion: ~100% (16 min) Product: 4-phenylenediamine | [ | ||||
| MoS2/Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; 1.0 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: 100% (50 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/RGO | Natural sunlight; /; 60 mg/L | RhB degradation: 95% (4 h) | [ | ||||
| Ag+-CDs-Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.5 g/L; 20 mg/L | TC degradation: 92% (10 min) | [ | ||||
| g-C3N4@Bi@Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; 20 mg/L | 2,4-Dichlorophenol degradation (2,4-DCP): 70% (3 h) | [ | ||||
| p-n junction | VO-Bi2WO6 /BiOI | λ > 400 nm; /; 50 mL/min | CH4 production: 18.32 μmol/g (8 h) | [ | |||
| Bi2WO6/BiOI | λ > 420 nm; 10 mg; / | P. aeruginosa mortality: 100% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| Co3O4/ Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation;/ ;/ | Ciprofloxacin degradation: 86% (5 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/Bi2S3/MoS2 | λ > 420 nm; 20 mg; 40 mg/L | Cr(VI) reduction: 0.0361 min-1 | [ | ||||
| Z-scheme junction | Black phosphorus/ Bi2WO6 | Visible light irradiation; NO removal: 80 mg; 10 mg/L (flow rate: 1.2 L/min) H2 evoluion: 0.2 g/L; 10 mL triethanolamine (hole sacrificial agent) and 3 wt% Pt | NO removal: 67% (30 min) H2 evoluion: 4208.4 μmol/g/h | [ | |||
| Bi2WO6/CuBi2O4 | λ > 400 nm; 0.5 g/L; 15 mg/L | NO removal: ~94% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| CuInS2/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.3 g/L; 10 mg/L | Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) degradation: 92.4% (2 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/RGO/g-C3N4 | λ > 420 nm; 50 mg; / | CO production: 15.96 μmol/g/h CH4 production: 2.51 μmol/g/h O2 production: ~10.5 μmol/g/h CH4 production: ~2.2 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| CsPbBr3/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 5 mg; high-purity CO2 gas (5 mL EA) | CO and CH4 production: 50.3 μmol/g/h | [ | ||||
| FAPbBr3/Bi2WO6 | AM 1.5G; 10 mg; 0.1mmol benzyl alcohol and CO2 gas (trifluorotoluene as solvent) | CO production: 170 μmol/g/h benzyl alcohol conversion: 250 μmol/g/h product: benzaldehyde | [ | ||||
| AgBr/Bi2WO6 | λ > 400 nm; 1.0 g/L; / | TC degradation: 87.5% (60 min) | [ | ||||
| Bi2WO6/graphene QDs/WO3 | Visible light irradiation; 0.2 g/L; 20 mg/L | Phenol degradation: 99.8% (120 min) | [ | ||||
| Ag decorated WO3/Bi2WO6 | Simulated sunlight irradiation; 0.2 g; 2 μL | Chlorobenzene removal: 80% (10 h) | [ | ||||
| Bi2Fe4O9/Bi2WO6 | λ > 420 nm; 0.3 g/L; 10 mg/L | RhB degradation: ~100% (90 min) | [ | ||||
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